Notes de cours
Public International Law - hoorcolleges en kennisclips
- Cours
- Établissement
- Book
Leidraad voor het vak Public International Law, bestaat uit aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges en kennisclips.
[Montrer plus]
Livre connecté
Titre de l’ouvrage:
Auteur(s):
- Édition:
- ISBN:
- Édition:
Plus de résumés pour
-
Samenvatting UU Public International Law (2020-2021)
-
Samenvatting International Law, ISBN: 9780198828723 Public International Law
-
summary Public International Law UU year 1
Vendeur
S'abonner
UUrechtenstudent
Aperçu du contenu
W1: The basics of public international lawInternational Law concerns the regulation of international relations, mostly between states (being
the primary subject of international law).
International Law is laid down in sources, processes you have to go through before a norm can be
called a norm of International Law. The main sources are treaties and customary law. Public
International Law concerns the relationship between public persons whereas Private International
Law concerns the relationship between private persons. But there is a relation between the two.
Public IL is law and not politics, but there obviously is a relation between politics and international
politics. Politics determine the law, because it is made by politicians. These politics negotiate about
treaties, and once they did this, it will determine politics. So the law also determines politics.
Evolution
International law wasn’t built in a day
Pre-Greek Civilisations: for example; before 2100 B.C. Treaty between Lagash and Umma of
Mesopotamia settlement of disputes through arbitration, solemn oath for observance)
Ancient Greek and Roman times: origin of certain principles and customs
o For example; treatment of foreigners, arbitration for settling disputes, treaties on
commerce, peace agreements.
Colonialism (15th century onwards): Spanish, French, British, Dutch role (unsurprisingly many
scholars of IL from these countries): acquisition of territories, sovereignty, freedom of high
seas etc.
Catholic church: international institutions (e.g. first ad hoc court in 1474 – von Hagenbach
trial)
End of 16th century: Pope’s gradual loss of power
Birth of modern international law: 1648 Peace of Wesphalia
For modern international law the main date of the beginning is 1648, when the Treaty of
Westphalia happened, which carved up Europe in independent states in full internal and
external sovereignty. This was the birth date of the system of international law based on
states. It was systematized from the 17th century onwards.
17th century: Birth of modern ‘international community’
o In the early days the natural law thinkers (naturalism) were dominant. Naturalist
lawyers would derive international law from God-given precepts, but in a later age
rational morality would be the moral and law. The main figure of the naturalism was
the dutch scolar Hugo Grotius.
Why was the peace of Westphalia so important for the formation of international law?
o Consolidation of nation states in Europe
o Unquestionable source of authority for States
o Reduce powers of religion
Later in the late 18th century the positivism became dominant. Positivism would not look at
morality as a source of law but it would look at the consent of states to be bound. In
positivism a state is only bound when it wants to be bound, so it is not required to sign and
ratify a treaty.
19th century
, Positivism vs natural law: which one prevailed?
o Natural law – associated with Christian universalism/values
o Positivism – Auguste Comte
Emergence of formal international institutions: Int Telegraph Union (1865) and Universal
Postal Union (1874); Hague conferences (1899, 1907)
20th to 21st Century
Interwar period: League of Nations
After the First and Second World Wars
o UN Charter; IOs; ICL (Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals)
Decolonisation: Self-determination
Globalisation (economic; cultural) 1989…
o Multiplication of actors
o Global governance
9/11
Populism
National and international law
National and international law?
What are the main differences?
o Domestic Law International Law
- Separation of powers
- Horizontal vs. vertical relationship between the actors
- Enforcement mechanism
International law is decentralised and fragmented
What is international law?
o Domestic: There is a central authority that makes laws, whether with the
population’s consent or not, and enforces those rules. There is a law making body,
maybe a parliament or a senate; and there is a police force and courts. (well, in the
best case scenario there is). In many ways it is vertical, from the top down.
o International law: The law between States. State A makes an agreement with State
B. Its horizontal. There is no central authority like a parliament or a senate that
makes laws. So it is the law that regulates how States interact with each other.
The system of law that regulates the interrelationship of sovereign states and other actors as
well as their rights and duties to one another.
Depending on time – dualism vs. monism
Relationship between national and international law
Monism
o A single and coherent legal system
, o International law directly applicable in national legal system
Monist approach: international law and national law seen as a single legal system and are thereby
cohorent. This means that:
- International law applies directly (direct effect) in the national legal system;
- If there is a conflict, international law prevails.
Monist states don’t take all international law as their domestic law, it has to be precise enough to be
a domestic law. In most of the monist states the international law stands above the domestic law,
however the states decide for themself, the formal rank from the international law into their system.
Dualism
o Two separate legal systems that operate independently
o National legislation adopted to give effect to international law
Dualist approach: international law and national law are seen as two separate legal systems that
operates independently, but are seen as equal to each other. This means that:
- International law needs to be transposed into national law before it can be applied
domestically;
- If there is a conflict, international law may be set aside.
Dualist states are internationally responsible for their signed up treaty, however they can choose if
they implement their international into their domestic law. So every country who signed up for that
treaty can hold that dualist state responsible on an international basis.
Who decides whether a State is a dualist or monist?
o The State decides for itself based on its national legal order, usually the constitution.
o Some States may not be explicitly one or the other, but a combination. Not a black
and white distinction.
What are the problems facing each type of approach?
o Monism: ‘direct effect’ does not answer determine formal rank of international law
in domestic system, State still needs to decide on this.
o Dualism: steps to transform international law into domestic law needed difficult
and slow process, requires political will to pass new laws or amend existing ones.
Pluralism
o Relationship between the two systems is more complex and diverse
From the international perspective
In this legal order the most important principle is that states cannot refer to rules of their own laws
as an excuse or justification of not complying to their obligations in the international legal order (art.
13 Declaration on Rights and Duties of States/art. 27 VCLT/art. 32 ILC Articles on State
Responsibility).
From the national perspective
, How does international law enter into the domestic legal order?; the effect of international law in
domestic legal order is determined by domestic law. A state has a choice between a monist or a
dualist approach.
Monism: international law is automatically a part of the domestic legal order (incorporation).
Dualism: international law needs to be transformed into domestic law first (transformation)
When we look at the effect of international law in the domestic legal order there are a few key issues
we have to distinguish.
Validity (applicability) of international law in domestic legal order
Direct effect (invocability) of international law in domestic legal order
Primacy (supremacy) of international law over conflicting domestic law in domestic legal
order.
The way there is being dealt with these issues is entirely decided and regulated by domestic
(constitutional) law of every state.
The Netherlands
Validity: all international law of valid or applicable in domestic legal order. most
international law is applied indirectly and this refers to a situation where domestic law must
be applied and interpreted in conformity with all international legal obligations of the
Netherlands (indirect applicability of international law). This applicability cannot lead to
contra legem interpretation of domestic law, which is based on the principle of Dutch
customary constitutional law.
Direct effect: only provisions of treaties and of decisions by international organizations which
are binding on all persons by virtue of their contents can be invoked directly (art. 93 Dutch
Constitution).
Primacy: Dutch law is not applicable if such application is in conflict with provisions of
treaties or of decisions by international organizations that are binding on all persons (art. 94
Dutch Constitution)
But the provisions (art. Constitution) 93 and 94 don’t make very clear how to distinguish those
provisions that have direct effect from other provisions of international law. This was left to the court
and there are two important cases.
The structure
Why do we have international law?
Inadequacy of national law
Dependency of international community
Rules which govern the relations between sovereign states inter-State relationships.
Two key notions that explain why we have international law
Coexistence Cooperation
Air travel Prohibition on the use of force
Telecommunications Protection of the environment
Trades Human rights
Use of the sea International crimes
Creation os States
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur UUrechtenstudent. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour 5,49 €. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
72841 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 14 ans