NRNP Finals 6560 2025/2026 Latest Questions &
Answers: 100% Accurate Solutions For Guaranteed
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coup-contrecoup injury - Answer Dual impacting of the brain into the
skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on
the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds.
Scalp laceration: what, effect, management - Answer Primary head
injury
profuse bleeding - signs of hypovolemia
Apply direct pressure
Suture/ staple laceration
Lidocaine 1% with epi to control bleeding, not close to nose/ ears
,Skull fracture: types, effect, management - Answer Primary head
injury
Simple: no displacement of bone. Observe and protect spine
Depressed: bone fragment depressing thickness of scull
Surgery for debridement. Give tetanus and seizure precautions
Basilar: fracture at floor of skull
Raccoon eye - periorbital bruising
battle's sign: mastoid bruising
otorrhea/ rhinorrhea - halo sign: do not obstruct flow
Give Ab's
Oral intubation and oral gastric instead of nasal
Brain injury: types, effect, management - Answer Primary head injury
Concussion: reversible change in brain functioning
loss of consciousness, amnesia
Do not give opioids, admit for unconsciousness greater than 2min
Contusion: bruising to surface of brain with edema
Frontal and temporal region
Brainstem contusion: posturing, variable temp, variable vital signs
N/V, dizziness, visual changes
,seizure precautions
Hematoma - neuro: types, effect, management - Answer Epidural
hematoma: commonly temporal/ parietal region with skull fracture,
causing bleeding into epidural space
Loss of consciousness
Rapid deterioration: obtunded, contralateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral pupil
dilation
CT scan (non contrast)
Treatment based on Brain trauma foundation. Surgical if greater than 30cm
Subdural hematoma
most common type of intracranial bleed
Acute (hours): drowsy, agitated, confused, headache, pupil dilation,
CT scan (noncontrast)
surgery for 10mm thickness or 5mm midline shift or for worsening GCS
Chronic (days): headache, memory loss, incontinence
CT scan (noncontrast)
Surgery: burr holes/ crani
Cerebral edema/ ICP elevated/ herniation: symptoms, management -
Answer decreased level of consciousness
Blown pupil
Cushing triad: HTN (widening pulse pressure), decreased resp rate,
bradycardia (means increased intracranial pressure)
, Neuro exam components - Answer AVPU: awake, response to verbal
stimuli, painful stimuli, unresponsive
GCS: 8 or below is comatose
Posturing:
decorticate = arms, legs in
decerebrate = arms, legs out
Electrolyte imbalances in brain injury - Answer Hyponatremia: SIADH
and cerebral salt wasting
Hypernatremia: DI (give mannitol)
Management of traumatic brain injury - Answer - Consult
neurosurgery
- Limit secondary injury
- Prevent hypotension (syst 90) and hypoxemia (PaO2 60). May give blood
to improve tissue perfusion.
- Treat cerebral edema: elevate bed, sedate, paralyse, mannitol,
hyperventilation (PaCO2 25-30), during first 24hrs.
- sedation and analgesia: opioids to reduce ICP (Fentanyl) with propofol.
Could give Nimbex or Vec. to help oxygenate/ ventilate
- steroids: avoid
- Give mannitol or hypertonic saline for herniation: bolus then gtt. monitor
serum osmolality, sodium, and bp.
- Seizure precautions: give phenytoin or keppra
Answers: 100% Accurate Solutions For Guaranteed
Success | Expert-Verified, Graded A+
coup-contrecoup injury - Answer Dual impacting of the brain into the
skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on
the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds.
Scalp laceration: what, effect, management - Answer Primary head
injury
profuse bleeding - signs of hypovolemia
Apply direct pressure
Suture/ staple laceration
Lidocaine 1% with epi to control bleeding, not close to nose/ ears
,Skull fracture: types, effect, management - Answer Primary head
injury
Simple: no displacement of bone. Observe and protect spine
Depressed: bone fragment depressing thickness of scull
Surgery for debridement. Give tetanus and seizure precautions
Basilar: fracture at floor of skull
Raccoon eye - periorbital bruising
battle's sign: mastoid bruising
otorrhea/ rhinorrhea - halo sign: do not obstruct flow
Give Ab's
Oral intubation and oral gastric instead of nasal
Brain injury: types, effect, management - Answer Primary head injury
Concussion: reversible change in brain functioning
loss of consciousness, amnesia
Do not give opioids, admit for unconsciousness greater than 2min
Contusion: bruising to surface of brain with edema
Frontal and temporal region
Brainstem contusion: posturing, variable temp, variable vital signs
N/V, dizziness, visual changes
,seizure precautions
Hematoma - neuro: types, effect, management - Answer Epidural
hematoma: commonly temporal/ parietal region with skull fracture,
causing bleeding into epidural space
Loss of consciousness
Rapid deterioration: obtunded, contralateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral pupil
dilation
CT scan (non contrast)
Treatment based on Brain trauma foundation. Surgical if greater than 30cm
Subdural hematoma
most common type of intracranial bleed
Acute (hours): drowsy, agitated, confused, headache, pupil dilation,
CT scan (noncontrast)
surgery for 10mm thickness or 5mm midline shift or for worsening GCS
Chronic (days): headache, memory loss, incontinence
CT scan (noncontrast)
Surgery: burr holes/ crani
Cerebral edema/ ICP elevated/ herniation: symptoms, management -
Answer decreased level of consciousness
Blown pupil
Cushing triad: HTN (widening pulse pressure), decreased resp rate,
bradycardia (means increased intracranial pressure)
, Neuro exam components - Answer AVPU: awake, response to verbal
stimuli, painful stimuli, unresponsive
GCS: 8 or below is comatose
Posturing:
decorticate = arms, legs in
decerebrate = arms, legs out
Electrolyte imbalances in brain injury - Answer Hyponatremia: SIADH
and cerebral salt wasting
Hypernatremia: DI (give mannitol)
Management of traumatic brain injury - Answer - Consult
neurosurgery
- Limit secondary injury
- Prevent hypotension (syst 90) and hypoxemia (PaO2 60). May give blood
to improve tissue perfusion.
- Treat cerebral edema: elevate bed, sedate, paralyse, mannitol,
hyperventilation (PaCO2 25-30), during first 24hrs.
- sedation and analgesia: opioids to reduce ICP (Fentanyl) with propofol.
Could give Nimbex or Vec. to help oxygenate/ ventilate
- steroids: avoid
- Give mannitol or hypertonic saline for herniation: bolus then gtt. monitor
serum osmolality, sodium, and bp.
- Seizure precautions: give phenytoin or keppra
