Atmosphere and Oceans

Based on previous exam questions (2013 &15), breakdowns of key themes and theory needed to answer these questions. These themes include: the importance of climate, temperate regions and global warming, climate change controls, hurricanes, ENSO.

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 6 - ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) Topics covered: Key factors in ENSO operation, El Nino, Impacts of ENSO Recommended Reading included (some available for download in this module)

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Second part to Lecture 5 on Hurricanes. Topics covered: reducing hurricane risk, factors that link hurricanes and global warming. Recommended reading included (some available to download from this module).

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 4 - Why do climates change: long and short term controls Topics covered: causes of climate change, feedback Recommended reading included (some available to download in this module) Lecture 5 - Hurricanes - Extreme Weather Events Top...

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 3 - Weather Systems - temperate regions and global warming. Topics covered: North Western Europe, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe Recommended Reading included (some available for download in this module)

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 1 - Introduction - Earth Sciences Topics covered - contents of the course Lecture 2 - The atmosphere and the ocean - their importance to climate Topics Covered: earth temperature controls distribution of the Earth's heat, Ocean cur...

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summary notes from: Cane, M.A. (2005) 'The evolution of El Nino, past and future', Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 230, 227-240 McMichael et al, (2006) 'Climate change and human health: present and future risks', Lancet, 367, 859-...

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summaries from the texts: Elsner (2008) 'The increasing intensity of the strongest tropical cyclones', Nature, 455, 92-95 Emmanuel (2005) 'Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years', Nature, 436, 686-688 Ho...

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summary from texts: Holden (2008) 'An introduction to physical geography and the environment', pgs. 123-128 Donnelly, (2007) 'Intense hurricane activity over the past 5000 years controlled by El Nino and the West African Monsoon', Nature, 4...

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summaries from the texts: Broecker (1998) 'The end of the present interglacial: how and when?', Quaternary Science Reviews, 17, 689-694 Crutzen, Stoemer (2000) 'The Anthropocene', IGBP Newsletter, 41, 17-18 Smith (2003) 'Environmental...

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summary of text: Wilson, Brury, Chapman (200) 'The Great Ice Age: Climate Change and Life', New Zealand Geographer, 56, 63-64

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summary of texts: Royal Society, National Academy of Sciences, (2013) 'Climate change: evidence and causes' Holden (2005) ' An Introduction to physical geography and the environment', Quaternary Environmental Change, Chapter 20

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summary of text: IPCC 4th Assessment Report

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Summary of texts: Holden, (2005) 'An introduction to physical geography and the environment', Chapter 5 IPCC 4th Assessment Report