NRES 407 Final Questions With Complete Solutions
Additive & Compensatory Mortality Correct Answers Additive
mortality:
-Mortality from hunting is in addition to mortality from other
causes
-No compensation occurs; overall mortality increases
Compensatory mortality:
-Hunting mortality is compensated by an increase in survival of
animals remaining after the hunting season
-Overall mortality rate remains same, or increase less than
would occur for assertive scenario
-Required density-dependent "natural" survival
Example:
Assume that harvest mortality takes place first and then natural
mortality occurs rest of year in density-dependent fashion
Sn=Bo-B1N
Where Sn is natural survival rate outside of hunting season
-Assume that Bo=0.8333 and B1=0.005556
-Assume that we start with 90 individuals and 30 are harvested
-For remaining 60 individuals, Sn=0.8333-0.005556(60)=0.5
HUNTED =30
NATURAL MORTALITY =30
SURVIVE =30
Now, we remove hunting so that 90 individuals undergo natural
mortality
Sn=0.8333-0.005556(90)=0.333
HUNTED =0
NATURAL MORTALITY =60
,SURVIVE =30
Hunting mortality is completely compensated for by an increase
in non-hunting survival in this example
Age-structured Model Correct Answers -Incorporating age-
specific survival and fecundity into population growth models
using matrix projections
-Calculating age-specific survival and fecundity from a multi-
year census
-Setting up and projecting a Leslie Matrix
-Stable age distributions
-lambda for age-structured population
-Reproductive value
Allee Effects (positive density dependence) Correct Answers -
Population growth rate increases with density or populations
have reduced growth rates at low densities
- Most important for small populations
- Potential mechanisms: problems finding mates at low
densities, species that for groups; foraging success and
detection/ avoidance
Allelic diversity Correct Answers Average number of alleles/
locus or alleles within a population
Apparent Competition Correct Answers -Process that results in
a decrease in the population growth of two prey species that do
not compete for the same resource but do share the same natural
enemy.
,-Increase in abundance of predator from consuming prey species
1 increases the harm it does to prey species 2.
-Indirectly, prey species 1 negatively affects prey species 2 and
vice versa.
-In theory, often this leads to the exclusion of one of the prey
species.
Assisted colonization Correct Answers intentional movement of
species outside its current geographic range to areas predicted to
be favorable under future climate prokections
- highly controversial even among biologists
Assumptions or exponential model Correct Answers 1. brith
and death rates constant over time
2. No age or size structure or differences in birth and death rates
among individuals
3. Population is closed- no emigration or immigration
4. No time lags
5. No genetic structure
Autocorrelation Correct Answers correlation of a single
variable with itself over time or space
-positive means good years followed by good year and visa
versa, can increase extinction rates
-creates autocorrelation in vital and growth rates
Balanced Dispersal Correct Answers -Individuals have positive
fitness in both habitats, but habitats have different K
-Emigration rate is inversely related to carrying capacity
, -But equal numbers un both directions
Beverton-Holt Equation Correct Answers Contest competition
-Should be able to tell it is a discrete model and not continuous
because it does not have dN/dt. Also should be able to tell it is
density dependent because there is a carrying capacity.
Bias and precision Correct Answers Bias- if we repeated
sampling under the same conditions a large number of times
each time computing an estimate, the average of the estimates
should equal the parameter of interest if the estimator is
unbiased
Precision- relates to repeatability of result and is measured by
sampling variance or its square root
Biotic Homogenization Correct Answers Increasing similarity
among areas in terms of species identity
Biotic resistance Correct Answers Diverse, undisturbed
communities have few invaders
Bottleneck Correct Answers A period during which only a few
individuals survive to continue the existence of the population
-Habitat loss/fragmentation
-epidemics
-climate event
-competition
Breeding Dispersal Correct Answers Movement of adults
between breeding attempts
Additive & Compensatory Mortality Correct Answers Additive
mortality:
-Mortality from hunting is in addition to mortality from other
causes
-No compensation occurs; overall mortality increases
Compensatory mortality:
-Hunting mortality is compensated by an increase in survival of
animals remaining after the hunting season
-Overall mortality rate remains same, or increase less than
would occur for assertive scenario
-Required density-dependent "natural" survival
Example:
Assume that harvest mortality takes place first and then natural
mortality occurs rest of year in density-dependent fashion
Sn=Bo-B1N
Where Sn is natural survival rate outside of hunting season
-Assume that Bo=0.8333 and B1=0.005556
-Assume that we start with 90 individuals and 30 are harvested
-For remaining 60 individuals, Sn=0.8333-0.005556(60)=0.5
HUNTED =30
NATURAL MORTALITY =30
SURVIVE =30
Now, we remove hunting so that 90 individuals undergo natural
mortality
Sn=0.8333-0.005556(90)=0.333
HUNTED =0
NATURAL MORTALITY =60
,SURVIVE =30
Hunting mortality is completely compensated for by an increase
in non-hunting survival in this example
Age-structured Model Correct Answers -Incorporating age-
specific survival and fecundity into population growth models
using matrix projections
-Calculating age-specific survival and fecundity from a multi-
year census
-Setting up and projecting a Leslie Matrix
-Stable age distributions
-lambda for age-structured population
-Reproductive value
Allee Effects (positive density dependence) Correct Answers -
Population growth rate increases with density or populations
have reduced growth rates at low densities
- Most important for small populations
- Potential mechanisms: problems finding mates at low
densities, species that for groups; foraging success and
detection/ avoidance
Allelic diversity Correct Answers Average number of alleles/
locus or alleles within a population
Apparent Competition Correct Answers -Process that results in
a decrease in the population growth of two prey species that do
not compete for the same resource but do share the same natural
enemy.
,-Increase in abundance of predator from consuming prey species
1 increases the harm it does to prey species 2.
-Indirectly, prey species 1 negatively affects prey species 2 and
vice versa.
-In theory, often this leads to the exclusion of one of the prey
species.
Assisted colonization Correct Answers intentional movement of
species outside its current geographic range to areas predicted to
be favorable under future climate prokections
- highly controversial even among biologists
Assumptions or exponential model Correct Answers 1. brith
and death rates constant over time
2. No age or size structure or differences in birth and death rates
among individuals
3. Population is closed- no emigration or immigration
4. No time lags
5. No genetic structure
Autocorrelation Correct Answers correlation of a single
variable with itself over time or space
-positive means good years followed by good year and visa
versa, can increase extinction rates
-creates autocorrelation in vital and growth rates
Balanced Dispersal Correct Answers -Individuals have positive
fitness in both habitats, but habitats have different K
-Emigration rate is inversely related to carrying capacity
, -But equal numbers un both directions
Beverton-Holt Equation Correct Answers Contest competition
-Should be able to tell it is a discrete model and not continuous
because it does not have dN/dt. Also should be able to tell it is
density dependent because there is a carrying capacity.
Bias and precision Correct Answers Bias- if we repeated
sampling under the same conditions a large number of times
each time computing an estimate, the average of the estimates
should equal the parameter of interest if the estimator is
unbiased
Precision- relates to repeatability of result and is measured by
sampling variance or its square root
Biotic Homogenization Correct Answers Increasing similarity
among areas in terms of species identity
Biotic resistance Correct Answers Diverse, undisturbed
communities have few invaders
Bottleneck Correct Answers A period during which only a few
individuals survive to continue the existence of the population
-Habitat loss/fragmentation
-epidemics
-climate event
-competition
Breeding Dispersal Correct Answers Movement of adults
between breeding attempts
