MEDIA-EFFECTEN
Inhoudsopgave
1. wat zijn media-effecten? wetenschappelijke beandering................................................6
1.1 ways of knowing........................................................................................................ 6
1.1.1 doelen van wetenschap.......................................................................................7
1.1.2 hoe worden die doelen bereikt?...........................................................................8
1.2 toekomst van media-effecten onderzoek...................................................................9
1.2.1 geschiedenis van media-effecten ondrzoek.........................................................9
1.2.2 5 uitdaginen voor toekomst media-effecten onderzoek.......................................9
2.onderzoeksmethoden in media-effecten onderzoek......................................................11
2.1 inhoudsanalyse........................................................................................................ 11
2.1.1 inhoudsanalyse-sociale media (studie)..............................................................12
2.2 survey...................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 survey sociale media (verder op studie)............................................................13
2.3 experiment.............................................................................................................. 14
3. agendasetting............................................................................................................... 14
3.1 nieuws en de publieke agenda................................................................................14
3.1.1 nieuws en politiek.............................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 historische context............................................................................................ 15
3.1.3 ONDERZOEK SINDSDIEN:...................................................................................16
3.1.4 acapulco typologie............................................................................................. 17
3.1.5 niveaus van agendasetting................................................................................18
3.1.6 Need for orientation (NFO).................................................................................19
3.1.7 gevolgen van agendasetting effecten................................................................19
3.2 agenda-setting tijdens de covid-19 pandemie.........................................................20
3.2.1 artikel-covid 19.................................................................................................. 20
4. framing......................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 nieuws framing: theorie........................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 framing.............................................................................................................. 21
4.1.2 disciplinaire oorsprong......................................................................................22
4.1.3 verwante, maar andere processen....................................................................24
4.2 nieuws framing: communicatie onderzoek...............................................................26
4.2.1 framing in communicatie onderzoek..................................................................26
4.2.2 problemen......................................................................................................... 28
5. cultivation and social cognition.....................................................................................29
5.1 cultivation theory..................................................................................................... 29
, 5.1.1 cultivatie............................................................................................................ 29
5.1.2 Shift van effecten naar cultivatie.......................................................................30
5.1.3 methodes.......................................................................................................... 31
5.1.4 cultivatie onderzoek.......................................................................................... 32
5.1.5 cultivatie theorie in de 21ste eeuw......................................................................33
5.2 social congition (uitbereiding cult effects)...............................................................34
5.2.1 inleiding............................................................................................................. 34
5.2.2 cultivatie effecten - psychologische processen..................................................34
5.2.3 second order model........................................................................................... 37
6. priming......................................................................................................................... 38
6.1 Media priming.......................................................................................................... 38
6.1.1 priming.............................................................................................................. 38
6.1.2 media priming................................................................................................... 38
6.1.3 media geweld en priming..................................................................................39
6.1.4 politieke media en priming................................................................................39
6.1.5 media en sterotypes.......................................................................................... 40
6.1.6 Voorbeeld: artikel videogame en sexualized female charachter- rape myth.....41
6.2 modellen die priming uitleggen...............................................................................41
6.2.1 modellen die priming uitleggen: geweld............................................................43
6.2.2 modellen die priming uitleggen: politiek............................................................43
7. ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL...............................................................................45
7.1 attitudeverandering: ELM........................................................................................45
7.1.1 massamedia overtuiging...................................................................................45
7.1.2 media campagnes c attitudes............................................................................45
7.1.3 theorien rond attitudeverandering.....................................................................46
7.1.4 Elaboration likelhood model..............................................................................48
7.1.5 stimuleren hoeveel we denken..........................................................................49
7.1.6 dezelfde elementen kunnen verschillende rollen spelen...................................50
7.1.7 link tussen attitude en gedrag...........................................................................52
8. social cognitve theory................................................................................................... 53
8.1 social cognitive theory............................................................................................. 53
8.1.1 introductie......................................................................................................... 53
8.1.2 experimentele test............................................................................................ 53
8.1.3 SCT- agency....................................................................................................... 54
8.1.4 mechanismen van observationeel leren............................................................56
8.1.5 abstract modeling.............................................................................................. 57
8.1.6 vicarious arousel................................................................................................ 57
8.1.7 motivational effects........................................................................................... 58
, 8.1.8 constructie sociale werkelijkheid & social prompting.........................................59
8.1.9 soorten effecten en methoden...........................................................................60
9. Uses and Gratifications................................................................................................. 61
9.1 Uses and gratifications............................................................................................ 61
9.1.1 introductie......................................................................................................... 61
9.1.2 Uses & gratifications.......................................................................................... 61
9.1.3 functionele benadering......................................................................................62
9.1.4 Uses adn gratifications paradigma....................................................................63
9.1.5 Typologieën....................................................................................................... 64
9.1.6 kritiek op u&G.................................................................................................... 64
9.1.7 Voorbeeld hedendaagse studie- pornogebruik tijdens covid-19.........................65
9.1.8 Media uses & effects.......................................................................................... 65
10. individuele verschillen en third person effect.............................................................67
10.1 individuele verschillen........................................................................................... 67
10.1.1 inleiding........................................................................................................... 67
10.1.2 Enjoyment/emotionele reactie op media.........................................................67
10.1.3 Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinnering van media.....................69
10.1.4 Effecten van media op attitudes en gedrag.....................................................71
10.2 third-person effect................................................................................................. 71
10.2.1 inleiding........................................................................................................... 71
10.2.2 onderzoek naar TPE......................................................................................... 72
10.2.3 conditionele TPE effecten................................................................................73
10.2.4 individuele verschillen.....................................................................................73
10.2.5 wat zijn de gevolgen........................................................................................74
11. gastcollege 1: sexting (nog deel 1 slides en deel 2 chechken met slides)..................74
11.1 inleiding................................................................................................................. 74
11.2 adolocenten en geseksualiseerde media...............................................................75
11.2.1 mediaselectie.................................................................................................. 76
11.2.2 media-engagement......................................................................................... 76
11.2.3 media- application........................................................................................... 77
11.3 adlocenten en pronografie.....................................................................................77
11.3.1 problemen met pornografie-onderzoek...........................................................77
11.3.2 Differential susceptibility to Media Effects Model.............................................78
11.3.3 conclusie:........................................................................................................ 79
11.4 sexting en cyberrelationeel geweld (deel 2)..........................................................79
11.4.1 Waarom onderzoek naar het liefdesleven van tieners?...................................79
11.4.2 digitale media en romantische relaties............................................................80
11.4.3 online dishibitie-effect (suler,2004).................................................................80
, 11.5 sexting................................................................................................................... 80
11.5.1 wereldwijde prevalentie...................................................................................81
11.5.2 secting in vlaanderen u anwterpen in 2019.....................................................81
motieven en de gevolgen van sexting...........................................................................82
focusgroeponderzoek................................................................................................. 82
profiel van jongeren die aan sexting doen(onderzoek)...............................................83
sexting en de media................................................................................................... 83
sexting en social learning theory...................................................................................83
de rol van sexting binnen de romantische relatie.......................................................84
12. gastles 2: marloes de brabandere fitfluencers............................................................85
12.1 body image............................................................................................................ 85
12.1.1 invloeden body image.....................................................................................85
12.2 #fitspiration........................................................................................................... 86
12.2.1 3 risiso’s van fitspiration..................................................................................86
12.3 theoretische verklaringen......................................................................................86
12.3.1 self(objectification).......................................................................................... 86
12.3.2 appearance ideal interanization......................................................................86
12.3.3 social comparsion............................................................................................ 87
12.3.4 influencers...................................................................................................... 87
12.3.5 adolescenten................................................................................................... 88
12.4 #bodypositivity...................................................................................................... 89
12.4.1 body image beschermen.................................................................................89
13. gastles 3: Eva Grossemans: gokken en adolocenten..................................................90
13.1 introductie............................................................................................................. 90
13.1.1 gokken?........................................................................................................... 90
13.1.2 gokken bij adolocenten....................................................................................90
13.2 gesimuleerd gokken.............................................................................................. 90
13.2.1 onderzoek........................................................................................................ 91
13.3 jongeren en gokreclame........................................................................................94
13.3.1 onderzoek........................................................................................................ 94
13.1.2 normalisering van gokken?..............................................................................95
13.1.3 conclusies........................................................................................................ 95
14. gastles 4: Rowan Daneels : effecten van digitale games............................................96
14.1 effect 1: “gamegeweld & agressie”.......................................................................96
14.1.1 Andere theoretische perspectieven (1):...........................................................97
14.2 effect 2: “gameverslaving”....................................................................................98
14.2.1 Verslaving aan games:....................................................................................99
14.3 “seksuele game-inhoud “.....................................................................................100
Inhoudsopgave
1. wat zijn media-effecten? wetenschappelijke beandering................................................6
1.1 ways of knowing........................................................................................................ 6
1.1.1 doelen van wetenschap.......................................................................................7
1.1.2 hoe worden die doelen bereikt?...........................................................................8
1.2 toekomst van media-effecten onderzoek...................................................................9
1.2.1 geschiedenis van media-effecten ondrzoek.........................................................9
1.2.2 5 uitdaginen voor toekomst media-effecten onderzoek.......................................9
2.onderzoeksmethoden in media-effecten onderzoek......................................................11
2.1 inhoudsanalyse........................................................................................................ 11
2.1.1 inhoudsanalyse-sociale media (studie)..............................................................12
2.2 survey...................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 survey sociale media (verder op studie)............................................................13
2.3 experiment.............................................................................................................. 14
3. agendasetting............................................................................................................... 14
3.1 nieuws en de publieke agenda................................................................................14
3.1.1 nieuws en politiek.............................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 historische context............................................................................................ 15
3.1.3 ONDERZOEK SINDSDIEN:...................................................................................16
3.1.4 acapulco typologie............................................................................................. 17
3.1.5 niveaus van agendasetting................................................................................18
3.1.6 Need for orientation (NFO).................................................................................19
3.1.7 gevolgen van agendasetting effecten................................................................19
3.2 agenda-setting tijdens de covid-19 pandemie.........................................................20
3.2.1 artikel-covid 19.................................................................................................. 20
4. framing......................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 nieuws framing: theorie........................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 framing.............................................................................................................. 21
4.1.2 disciplinaire oorsprong......................................................................................22
4.1.3 verwante, maar andere processen....................................................................24
4.2 nieuws framing: communicatie onderzoek...............................................................26
4.2.1 framing in communicatie onderzoek..................................................................26
4.2.2 problemen......................................................................................................... 28
5. cultivation and social cognition.....................................................................................29
5.1 cultivation theory..................................................................................................... 29
, 5.1.1 cultivatie............................................................................................................ 29
5.1.2 Shift van effecten naar cultivatie.......................................................................30
5.1.3 methodes.......................................................................................................... 31
5.1.4 cultivatie onderzoek.......................................................................................... 32
5.1.5 cultivatie theorie in de 21ste eeuw......................................................................33
5.2 social congition (uitbereiding cult effects)...............................................................34
5.2.1 inleiding............................................................................................................. 34
5.2.2 cultivatie effecten - psychologische processen..................................................34
5.2.3 second order model........................................................................................... 37
6. priming......................................................................................................................... 38
6.1 Media priming.......................................................................................................... 38
6.1.1 priming.............................................................................................................. 38
6.1.2 media priming................................................................................................... 38
6.1.3 media geweld en priming..................................................................................39
6.1.4 politieke media en priming................................................................................39
6.1.5 media en sterotypes.......................................................................................... 40
6.1.6 Voorbeeld: artikel videogame en sexualized female charachter- rape myth.....41
6.2 modellen die priming uitleggen...............................................................................41
6.2.1 modellen die priming uitleggen: geweld............................................................43
6.2.2 modellen die priming uitleggen: politiek............................................................43
7. ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL...............................................................................45
7.1 attitudeverandering: ELM........................................................................................45
7.1.1 massamedia overtuiging...................................................................................45
7.1.2 media campagnes c attitudes............................................................................45
7.1.3 theorien rond attitudeverandering.....................................................................46
7.1.4 Elaboration likelhood model..............................................................................48
7.1.5 stimuleren hoeveel we denken..........................................................................49
7.1.6 dezelfde elementen kunnen verschillende rollen spelen...................................50
7.1.7 link tussen attitude en gedrag...........................................................................52
8. social cognitve theory................................................................................................... 53
8.1 social cognitive theory............................................................................................. 53
8.1.1 introductie......................................................................................................... 53
8.1.2 experimentele test............................................................................................ 53
8.1.3 SCT- agency....................................................................................................... 54
8.1.4 mechanismen van observationeel leren............................................................56
8.1.5 abstract modeling.............................................................................................. 57
8.1.6 vicarious arousel................................................................................................ 57
8.1.7 motivational effects........................................................................................... 58
, 8.1.8 constructie sociale werkelijkheid & social prompting.........................................59
8.1.9 soorten effecten en methoden...........................................................................60
9. Uses and Gratifications................................................................................................. 61
9.1 Uses and gratifications............................................................................................ 61
9.1.1 introductie......................................................................................................... 61
9.1.2 Uses & gratifications.......................................................................................... 61
9.1.3 functionele benadering......................................................................................62
9.1.4 Uses adn gratifications paradigma....................................................................63
9.1.5 Typologieën....................................................................................................... 64
9.1.6 kritiek op u&G.................................................................................................... 64
9.1.7 Voorbeeld hedendaagse studie- pornogebruik tijdens covid-19.........................65
9.1.8 Media uses & effects.......................................................................................... 65
10. individuele verschillen en third person effect.............................................................67
10.1 individuele verschillen........................................................................................... 67
10.1.1 inleiding........................................................................................................... 67
10.1.2 Enjoyment/emotionele reactie op media.........................................................67
10.1.3 Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinnering van media.....................69
10.1.4 Effecten van media op attitudes en gedrag.....................................................71
10.2 third-person effect................................................................................................. 71
10.2.1 inleiding........................................................................................................... 71
10.2.2 onderzoek naar TPE......................................................................................... 72
10.2.3 conditionele TPE effecten................................................................................73
10.2.4 individuele verschillen.....................................................................................73
10.2.5 wat zijn de gevolgen........................................................................................74
11. gastcollege 1: sexting (nog deel 1 slides en deel 2 chechken met slides)..................74
11.1 inleiding................................................................................................................. 74
11.2 adolocenten en geseksualiseerde media...............................................................75
11.2.1 mediaselectie.................................................................................................. 76
11.2.2 media-engagement......................................................................................... 76
11.2.3 media- application........................................................................................... 77
11.3 adlocenten en pronografie.....................................................................................77
11.3.1 problemen met pornografie-onderzoek...........................................................77
11.3.2 Differential susceptibility to Media Effects Model.............................................78
11.3.3 conclusie:........................................................................................................ 79
11.4 sexting en cyberrelationeel geweld (deel 2)..........................................................79
11.4.1 Waarom onderzoek naar het liefdesleven van tieners?...................................79
11.4.2 digitale media en romantische relaties............................................................80
11.4.3 online dishibitie-effect (suler,2004).................................................................80
, 11.5 sexting................................................................................................................... 80
11.5.1 wereldwijde prevalentie...................................................................................81
11.5.2 secting in vlaanderen u anwterpen in 2019.....................................................81
motieven en de gevolgen van sexting...........................................................................82
focusgroeponderzoek................................................................................................. 82
profiel van jongeren die aan sexting doen(onderzoek)...............................................83
sexting en de media................................................................................................... 83
sexting en social learning theory...................................................................................83
de rol van sexting binnen de romantische relatie.......................................................84
12. gastles 2: marloes de brabandere fitfluencers............................................................85
12.1 body image............................................................................................................ 85
12.1.1 invloeden body image.....................................................................................85
12.2 #fitspiration........................................................................................................... 86
12.2.1 3 risiso’s van fitspiration..................................................................................86
12.3 theoretische verklaringen......................................................................................86
12.3.1 self(objectification).......................................................................................... 86
12.3.2 appearance ideal interanization......................................................................86
12.3.3 social comparsion............................................................................................ 87
12.3.4 influencers...................................................................................................... 87
12.3.5 adolescenten................................................................................................... 88
12.4 #bodypositivity...................................................................................................... 89
12.4.1 body image beschermen.................................................................................89
13. gastles 3: Eva Grossemans: gokken en adolocenten..................................................90
13.1 introductie............................................................................................................. 90
13.1.1 gokken?........................................................................................................... 90
13.1.2 gokken bij adolocenten....................................................................................90
13.2 gesimuleerd gokken.............................................................................................. 90
13.2.1 onderzoek........................................................................................................ 91
13.3 jongeren en gokreclame........................................................................................94
13.3.1 onderzoek........................................................................................................ 94
13.1.2 normalisering van gokken?..............................................................................95
13.1.3 conclusies........................................................................................................ 95
14. gastles 4: Rowan Daneels : effecten van digitale games............................................96
14.1 effect 1: “gamegeweld & agressie”.......................................................................96
14.1.1 Andere theoretische perspectieven (1):...........................................................97
14.2 effect 2: “gameverslaving”....................................................................................98
14.2.1 Verslaving aan games:....................................................................................99
14.3 “seksuele game-inhoud “.....................................................................................100
