PSL300 Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
4 important events in Fertilization Correct Answers 1. Sperm
uses acrosomal enzymes to get through barriers to dock at
oocyte
2. Docking triggers depolarization of oocyte which results in the
fusion of cortical granules making a barrier for entry of more
sperm
3. Oocyte completes second meiotic divison, expelling a polar
body
4. Sperm nucleus fuses with Oocyte nucleus, causing a diploid
zygote.
ACTH Correct Answers Adrenocorticotropin Hormone-->
released from the anterior pituitary, stimulates the production
and release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
AMH Correct Answers Anti Mullerian Hormone --> represses
the development of the mullerian duct into female structures
such as: fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina
Amine hormones Correct Answers Either tryptophan
derivatives or tyrosine derivatives. Can behave like both peptide
or steroid hormones. Examples include: melatonin (tryptophan
derivative) and caltecholamines (tyrosine derivative)
-thyroid hormones = tyrosine derivatives --> act like steroids
Beta catenin Correct Answers Made as a result of female
development cascade. It allows female development because it
inhibits SOX9 and therefore also inhibits AMH
,Catecholamines Correct Answers Amine (tyr) hormones
-Produced in the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland
-Has properties similar to peptide hormones
-Synthesized in advance and stored in vesicles
-Is water soluble, lipophobic
-Binds to membrane receptors
CBG Correct Answers Cortisol Binding Globulin --> transport
protein for cortisol in the blood
Chondrocytes Correct Answers Cartilage cells --> initial bone
formers
Cortisol Correct Answers Steroid Hormone, overall purpose is
to prevent hypoglycermia --> catabolic. 1. Promotes
gluconeogenesis in the liver. 2. Causes breakdown of skeletal
muscle. 3. Enhances lipolysis. 4. Supresses the immune system.
-has permissive effect on glucagon. 5. Causes negative calcium
balance (less ingested, more secreted, breaks down bones). 6.
Influences brain function
CRH Correct Answers corticotropin-releasing hormone -->
stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
DHT Correct Answers Dihydrotestosterone: causes the
development of the external genetalia and the prostrate
Effects of thyroid hormones (5 areas of effect) Correct Answers
1. Metabolism: increases: metabolic rate, o2 consumption, heat
profuction, lipolysis, protein degredation.
2. Nervous system: enhances speech and critical thought
, 3.Growth and development: needed for proper
growth/development in children
4. Cardiovascular: increases heart rate and contractile force,
increases peripheral blood flow
5. Muscles: too much will break down muscles.
Egg (pre fertilization) features (4) Correct Answers -Arrested in
meiosis 1
-Diploid (at this point) = 46 chromosomes
-Large cytoplasm
-preloaded with mRNA and protein
Endocrine vs exocrine Correct Answers endocrine into blood
stream, exocrine into ducts --> "substances secreted to
environment external to self"
Epiphyseal Tissue Correct Answers Bone model precurser
(made of cartiledge) once ossified = bones. Bones only fully
develop in adults when epiphyseal plates fuse
Estrogen and progesterone levels during mentrual cycle Correct
Answers Estrogen is initially declining during menstration
phase, then climbs to a maximum during proliferative phase to
make the endometrium redevelop. Drops back down as
ovulation occurs and then increases again into the secretory
phase as the corpus leuteum has formed (and if fertilization
occurs, the placenta also secretes estrogen)
Progesterone is at very low levels throughtout the course of the
menstrual cycle, until after ovulation occurs, the corpus leuteum
4 important events in Fertilization Correct Answers 1. Sperm
uses acrosomal enzymes to get through barriers to dock at
oocyte
2. Docking triggers depolarization of oocyte which results in the
fusion of cortical granules making a barrier for entry of more
sperm
3. Oocyte completes second meiotic divison, expelling a polar
body
4. Sperm nucleus fuses with Oocyte nucleus, causing a diploid
zygote.
ACTH Correct Answers Adrenocorticotropin Hormone-->
released from the anterior pituitary, stimulates the production
and release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
AMH Correct Answers Anti Mullerian Hormone --> represses
the development of the mullerian duct into female structures
such as: fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina
Amine hormones Correct Answers Either tryptophan
derivatives or tyrosine derivatives. Can behave like both peptide
or steroid hormones. Examples include: melatonin (tryptophan
derivative) and caltecholamines (tyrosine derivative)
-thyroid hormones = tyrosine derivatives --> act like steroids
Beta catenin Correct Answers Made as a result of female
development cascade. It allows female development because it
inhibits SOX9 and therefore also inhibits AMH
,Catecholamines Correct Answers Amine (tyr) hormones
-Produced in the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland
-Has properties similar to peptide hormones
-Synthesized in advance and stored in vesicles
-Is water soluble, lipophobic
-Binds to membrane receptors
CBG Correct Answers Cortisol Binding Globulin --> transport
protein for cortisol in the blood
Chondrocytes Correct Answers Cartilage cells --> initial bone
formers
Cortisol Correct Answers Steroid Hormone, overall purpose is
to prevent hypoglycermia --> catabolic. 1. Promotes
gluconeogenesis in the liver. 2. Causes breakdown of skeletal
muscle. 3. Enhances lipolysis. 4. Supresses the immune system.
-has permissive effect on glucagon. 5. Causes negative calcium
balance (less ingested, more secreted, breaks down bones). 6.
Influences brain function
CRH Correct Answers corticotropin-releasing hormone -->
stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
DHT Correct Answers Dihydrotestosterone: causes the
development of the external genetalia and the prostrate
Effects of thyroid hormones (5 areas of effect) Correct Answers
1. Metabolism: increases: metabolic rate, o2 consumption, heat
profuction, lipolysis, protein degredation.
2. Nervous system: enhances speech and critical thought
, 3.Growth and development: needed for proper
growth/development in children
4. Cardiovascular: increases heart rate and contractile force,
increases peripheral blood flow
5. Muscles: too much will break down muscles.
Egg (pre fertilization) features (4) Correct Answers -Arrested in
meiosis 1
-Diploid (at this point) = 46 chromosomes
-Large cytoplasm
-preloaded with mRNA and protein
Endocrine vs exocrine Correct Answers endocrine into blood
stream, exocrine into ducts --> "substances secreted to
environment external to self"
Epiphyseal Tissue Correct Answers Bone model precurser
(made of cartiledge) once ossified = bones. Bones only fully
develop in adults when epiphyseal plates fuse
Estrogen and progesterone levels during mentrual cycle Correct
Answers Estrogen is initially declining during menstration
phase, then climbs to a maximum during proliferative phase to
make the endometrium redevelop. Drops back down as
ovulation occurs and then increases again into the secretory
phase as the corpus leuteum has formed (and if fertilization
occurs, the placenta also secretes estrogen)
Progesterone is at very low levels throughtout the course of the
menstrual cycle, until after ovulation occurs, the corpus leuteum
