Peds Study Guide Test 1 with verified solutions 2025-26
1. Growth and development
a. Cephalocaudal
i. Proceeds from the head downward through the body toward the feet.
Learn first to control their head and neck before the trunk. Infants learn
to hold up their head before sitting and to sit before standing.
b. Proximodistal
i. Proceeds from the center of the body toward the extremities. Learn first
to control arm movements before hand movements. Infants are first able
to control the trunk, then the arms and later the fingers.
c. Developmental theories
i. Developmental age groups
Developmental stage Age group Characteristics
Infancy Birth to 12 months Includes infants or babies
up to 1 year of age, who
require a high level of care
in daily activities.
Toddlerhood 1-3 years Increased motor ability and
independent behavior
Preschool 3-6 years Refines gross and motor
skill abilities and language
skills and participates in a
preschool learning program
School age 6-12 years Begins with entry into a
school system and is
characterized by growing
intellectual skills, physical
ability and independence.
Adolescence 12-18 years Entry to teen years. Mature
cognitive thought, formation
of identity and influence of
peers are important
characteristics of
adolescence.
ii. Freud: Theory of Psychosexual development
1. Id: present at birth. Basic sexual energy. Drives the person to
seek pleasure
2. Ego: develops in infancy. Realistic part of the person. Searches
for acceptable ways to meet impulses.
3. Superego: develops in childhood. Moral/ethical system.
Values and conscience.
, Freud’s psychosexual stages
Erikson theory
4. Each developmental crisis has two possible outcomes
• When needs are met
• Healthy outcome
• Person moves to next stage with particular strengths
• When needs are unmet
• Unhealthy outcome which influences future relationships
1. Growth and development
a. Cephalocaudal
i. Proceeds from the head downward through the body toward the feet.
Learn first to control their head and neck before the trunk. Infants learn
to hold up their head before sitting and to sit before standing.
b. Proximodistal
i. Proceeds from the center of the body toward the extremities. Learn first
to control arm movements before hand movements. Infants are first able
to control the trunk, then the arms and later the fingers.
c. Developmental theories
i. Developmental age groups
Developmental stage Age group Characteristics
Infancy Birth to 12 months Includes infants or babies
up to 1 year of age, who
require a high level of care
in daily activities.
Toddlerhood 1-3 years Increased motor ability and
independent behavior
Preschool 3-6 years Refines gross and motor
skill abilities and language
skills and participates in a
preschool learning program
School age 6-12 years Begins with entry into a
school system and is
characterized by growing
intellectual skills, physical
ability and independence.
Adolescence 12-18 years Entry to teen years. Mature
cognitive thought, formation
of identity and influence of
peers are important
characteristics of
adolescence.
ii. Freud: Theory of Psychosexual development
1. Id: present at birth. Basic sexual energy. Drives the person to
seek pleasure
2. Ego: develops in infancy. Realistic part of the person. Searches
for acceptable ways to meet impulses.
3. Superego: develops in childhood. Moral/ethical system.
Values and conscience.
, Freud’s psychosexual stages
Erikson theory
4. Each developmental crisis has two possible outcomes
• When needs are met
• Healthy outcome
• Person moves to next stage with particular strengths
• When needs are unmet
• Unhealthy outcome which influences future relationships
