CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY CHAPTER 9 EXAM Q’S AND A’S

CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY CHAPTER 9 EXAM Q’S AND A’S fermentation - answer- a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molcules) without oxygen, does not have an electron transport chain (only anaerobic resp does), produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid aerobic respiration - answer- a catabolic pathway in which oxygen and organic molecules are reactants anaerobic - answer- being without oxygen cellular respiration - answer- the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP; C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP) redox reaction (REduction-OXidation reaction) - answer- a chemical reaction where one or more electrons (e-) [or hydrogens (h-)] are transferred from one reactant to another oxidation - answer- the loss of electrons (hydrogens) from one substance involved in a redox reaction; [OIL RIG/LEO GER] reduction - answer- the addition/gaining of electrons (hydrogens) to a substance involved in a redox reaction oxidized, reduced - answer- redox reaction: Xe- + Y → X + Ye- X was _______ and Y was _______. reducing (e- donor), oxidizing (e- acceptor) - answer- redox reaction: Xe- + Y → X + Ye- X was the _______ agent and Y was the _______ agent. NAD+ - answer- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as the most versatile electron carrier [electron travels with a proton=hydrogen atom] NADH - answer- when NAD+ is reduced you have this; represents stored energy that can be tapped to make ATP when electrons fall down an energy gradient to oxygen electron transport chain - answer- a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; oxidative phosphorylation; in the inner mito membrane (cristae); oxygen is at the lower-energy end, the final electron acceptor (makes water*) glycolysis, (citric acid cycle)(krebs cycle), electron transport chain - answer- three metabolic stages pf cellular respiration: 1. _________ 2. Pyruvate oxidation and the _________ 3. Oxidative phosporylation: __________ and chemiosmosis glycolysis - answer- a series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate; in the cytoplasm/cytosol; anaerobic; 2 ATP used in reaction; net products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H₂O citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) (tricarboxylic acid cycle/TCA) - answer- a chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to CO₂; occurs in the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells/ cytosol in prokaryotes; goes twice around b/c of two pyruvates from glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation - answer- the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an 'electron transport chain'; [using electrons to create a gradient which will be used to make ATP]; accounts for 90% of the ATP generated substrate-level phosphorylation - answer- some ATP is made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP by an enzyme; [adding a phosphate to an ADP using the energy from breaking bonds in a reaction]; in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) - answer- 10 steps of glycolysis: glucose → glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 6-phoshate → fructose 1,6-biphosphate → DAP (dihydroxylacetone phosphate) & _______ → 1,3-biphosphoglycerate → 3 phosphoglycerate → 2 phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → pyruvate; only this is used in reaction from this point on, called 'committed step' glucose 6-phosphate, 3 phosphoglycerate - answer- 10 steps of glycolysis: glucose → _______ → fructose 6-phoshate → fructose 1,6-biphosphate → DAP (dihydroxylacetone phosphate) & G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) → 1,3-biphosphoglycerate → _______ → 2 phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → pyruvate fructose 6-phosphate, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate - answer- 10 steps of glycolysis: glucose → glucose 6-phosphate → _______ → fructose 1,6-biphosphate → DAP (dihydroxylacetone phosphate) & G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) → _______ → 3 phosphoglycerate → 2 phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → pyruvate fructose 1,6-biphosphate, pyruvate - answer- 10 steps of glycolysis: glucose → glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 6-phoshate → _______