1
HES 305 F INAL
HES 305 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | QS
& AS| GRADE A| (NEW 2026/ 2027)
1. Describe the function of cardiac muscle: Contracts to pump blood
2. Describe the location of cardiac muscle: Heart
3. Describe the histology of smooth muscle (4): - Short
- Spindle shaped
- Not striated
- Single nucleus
4. Describe the functions of smooth muscle (5): - Involuntary movement
- Move food
- Involuntary respiration
- Secretions
- Blood in arteries
5. Describe the locations of smooth muscle (2): - Walls of major organs
HES 305 F INAL
, .
- Walls of passages
6. List the structure and layers of muscle from outer layer to inner layer (3):
Fascicles -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils
7. Describe fascicles: Tightly packed bundles inside muscle
8. Describe muscle fibers: Groups of long cells inside fascicles
9. Describe myogibrils: 1000s of them inside muscle fibres
10. Where are satalite cells located?: Inside the basement membrane
of muscle fiber
11. List and describe the 3 stages of satalite cell activation: 1)
Proliferation
2) Migration, adhesion, fusion
3) Fusion, growth
20. Describe the 4 steps of the myogenic pathway of satalite cells: 1) Mitosis
into additional satalite cells
2) Formation of myotube (contains contractile proteins)
3) Translocation of myotube across sarcolemma
,4) Fusion of myotube with existing myofibril
12. List the 2 contractile properties of the muscle: 1) Thick filament
2) Thin filament
13. Describe the 3 components of the tick filament: 1) 6-subunit myosin
protein
2) 2 heavy chains (MHC)
3) 2 light chains (MLCs)
14. List the 3 components of the thin filament: 1) 2 twisted strings of spherical
actin molecules 2) Tropomyosin on actin
3) Toponin
24. List the 3 types of troponin: 1) Troponin - C
2) Triponin - I
3) Troponin - T
15. List the 6 steps of the contractile mechanisms of the thick filament:
Hydrolysis of
, .
ATP -> myosin head conf change -> binds to actin and Pi + energy are released
from myosin-ATP binding site -> Myosin head rotate/swing back while still
bound to actin -> ADP released from myosin binding site -> myosin stays
attached until another ATP binds
16. Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type I fibers: -
MHC I
- Slow
27. Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type IIa fibers: -
MHC
IIa
- Fast
28 Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type IIx fibers: -
MHC
IIx
- Very fast
HES 305 F INAL
HES 305 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | QS
& AS| GRADE A| (NEW 2026/ 2027)
1. Describe the function of cardiac muscle: Contracts to pump blood
2. Describe the location of cardiac muscle: Heart
3. Describe the histology of smooth muscle (4): - Short
- Spindle shaped
- Not striated
- Single nucleus
4. Describe the functions of smooth muscle (5): - Involuntary movement
- Move food
- Involuntary respiration
- Secretions
- Blood in arteries
5. Describe the locations of smooth muscle (2): - Walls of major organs
HES 305 F INAL
, .
- Walls of passages
6. List the structure and layers of muscle from outer layer to inner layer (3):
Fascicles -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils
7. Describe fascicles: Tightly packed bundles inside muscle
8. Describe muscle fibers: Groups of long cells inside fascicles
9. Describe myogibrils: 1000s of them inside muscle fibres
10. Where are satalite cells located?: Inside the basement membrane
of muscle fiber
11. List and describe the 3 stages of satalite cell activation: 1)
Proliferation
2) Migration, adhesion, fusion
3) Fusion, growth
20. Describe the 4 steps of the myogenic pathway of satalite cells: 1) Mitosis
into additional satalite cells
2) Formation of myotube (contains contractile proteins)
3) Translocation of myotube across sarcolemma
,4) Fusion of myotube with existing myofibril
12. List the 2 contractile properties of the muscle: 1) Thick filament
2) Thin filament
13. Describe the 3 components of the tick filament: 1) 6-subunit myosin
protein
2) 2 heavy chains (MHC)
3) 2 light chains (MLCs)
14. List the 3 components of the thin filament: 1) 2 twisted strings of spherical
actin molecules 2) Tropomyosin on actin
3) Toponin
24. List the 3 types of troponin: 1) Troponin - C
2) Triponin - I
3) Troponin - T
15. List the 6 steps of the contractile mechanisms of the thick filament:
Hydrolysis of
, .
ATP -> myosin head conf change -> binds to actin and Pi + energy are released
from myosin-ATP binding site -> Myosin head rotate/swing back while still
bound to actin -> ADP released from myosin binding site -> myosin stays
attached until another ATP binds
16. Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type I fibers: -
MHC I
- Slow
27. Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type IIa fibers: -
MHC
IIa
- Fast
28 Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type IIx fibers: -
MHC
IIx
- Very fast
