PSYCHO EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
innateness - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Humans are genetically predisposed to acquire language
poverty of the stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A hypothesis that humans must have innate language
capabilities because we learn our native language in the absence of environmental conditions, such as
direct instruction or a large number of correct and incorrect examples.
theory of mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—
about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
competence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅what you know about your language
performance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how one uses linguistic knowledge
categorical perception - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The ability to perceive sounds as belonging to different
phoneme categories (e.g. that ability to differentiate between /p/ and /b/)
Fuzzy Logic Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a theory of speech perception which assumes the listener
matches the incoming stream of sounds against speech prototypes stored in memory and makes a
decision based on all possible factors
motor theory of speech perception - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A theory that proposes a close link between
how speech is perceived and how it is produced. The idea behind this theory is that when we hear a
particular speech sound, this activates the motor mechanisms that are responsible for producing that
sound, and it is the activation of these motor mechanisms that enable us to perceive the sound.
Direct Realist View - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅humans new able to process sounds as a whole, instead of
using separate processors for speech and non-speech sounds
General Auditory Approach - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅speech sounds are perceived with the same
mechanisms that are used in the perception of more general sounds, theres no special status for speech
sounds
, McGurk Effect - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds
because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
Ganong effect - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅An experimental result demonstrating that the identity of a
word can affect the perception of individual sounds within that word. When people hear a sound that is
acoustically ambiguous between two sounds, their identification of that sound can be shifted in one
direction or another depending on which of the possible sounds results in an actual word.
bottom-up processing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a
complete perception
top-down processing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual
features into a unified whole
invariance problem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅an issue in language comprehension due to variation in
how phonemes are produced
segmentation problem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the listener's problem of dividing the almost continuous
sounds of speech into separate phonemes and words
phoneme restoration - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Listeners use language knowledge (top-down) to perceive
speech, even if the acoustic information (bottom-up) is missing
slip of the ear - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as
another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was "gray tape"
right ear advantage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the fact that humans typically hear speech sounds more
readily via the right ear
chronometric - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅referring to the measurement of time
innateness - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Humans are genetically predisposed to acquire language
poverty of the stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A hypothesis that humans must have innate language
capabilities because we learn our native language in the absence of environmental conditions, such as
direct instruction or a large number of correct and incorrect examples.
theory of mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—
about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
competence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅what you know about your language
performance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how one uses linguistic knowledge
categorical perception - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The ability to perceive sounds as belonging to different
phoneme categories (e.g. that ability to differentiate between /p/ and /b/)
Fuzzy Logic Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a theory of speech perception which assumes the listener
matches the incoming stream of sounds against speech prototypes stored in memory and makes a
decision based on all possible factors
motor theory of speech perception - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A theory that proposes a close link between
how speech is perceived and how it is produced. The idea behind this theory is that when we hear a
particular speech sound, this activates the motor mechanisms that are responsible for producing that
sound, and it is the activation of these motor mechanisms that enable us to perceive the sound.
Direct Realist View - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅humans new able to process sounds as a whole, instead of
using separate processors for speech and non-speech sounds
General Auditory Approach - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅speech sounds are perceived with the same
mechanisms that are used in the perception of more general sounds, theres no special status for speech
sounds
, McGurk Effect - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds
because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
Ganong effect - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅An experimental result demonstrating that the identity of a
word can affect the perception of individual sounds within that word. When people hear a sound that is
acoustically ambiguous between two sounds, their identification of that sound can be shifted in one
direction or another depending on which of the possible sounds results in an actual word.
bottom-up processing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a
complete perception
top-down processing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual
features into a unified whole
invariance problem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅an issue in language comprehension due to variation in
how phonemes are produced
segmentation problem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the listener's problem of dividing the almost continuous
sounds of speech into separate phonemes and words
phoneme restoration - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Listeners use language knowledge (top-down) to perceive
speech, even if the acoustic information (bottom-up) is missing
slip of the ear - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as
another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was "gray tape"
right ear advantage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the fact that humans typically hear speech sounds more
readily via the right ear
chronometric - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅referring to the measurement of time
