WSU BIOLOGY 106 FINAL
(HELLMAN&CARLOYE) QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Independent variable - ANSWERValue does not depend on another factor
Dependent variable - ANSWERValue depends on another factor
Controlled variable - ANSWERKept the same throughout the experiment
What are the two key tissues that allow plants to transport water or organic nutrients,
respectively, over long distances? - ANSWERXylem - water and minerals from roots
to shoots
Phloem - transports sugars from photosynthesis to where they are needed
In the root, plants need to take up more CO2 or O2? - ANSWERMore O2
Is the need for CO2 and O2 in leaves the same when compared to roots? -
ANSWERThe difference is because of what the plant needs at that certain spot. The
CO2 is needed for photosynthesis to make sugar for the plant
Why do you think there is/is not a difference in gas exchange when you compare
roots with leaves? - ANSWER
If you look at the apoplast and the symplast, which of the following statements are
true? - ANSWERIn the apoplastic route water and solute move along the continuum
of cell walls and extracellular spaces
If you add sugar to water does the water potential increase or decrease? -
ANSWERDecrease
How is osmosis defined? - ANSWERDiffusion of free water
What is a protoplast? - ANSWERLiving part of the cell which includes plasma
membrane
How would you define transpiration? - ANSWERLoss of water vapor through cells
The Casparian Strip is located in the endodermis. What is its function? -
ANSWERBlocks passive flow of materials into the root vascular tissue of the plant
What are rhizobia - ANSWERThey can generate ammonia from atmospheric
nitrogen
,Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for plants? - ANSWERThey promote growth through
chemicals they produce and they also produce antibodies that protect the roots from
disease. Absorb toxic metals
Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for agriculture? - ANSWERThey can increase crop
yield and reduce the amount of fertilizer and pesticides needed
What is a nodule and what is the reason why they appear sometimes reddish? -
ANSWERIt is composed of plant cells that have been "infected" by Rhizobium. They
appear reddish because of a molecule named leghemoglobin, an iron containing
protein that binds reversibly to oxygen. Similar to the hemoglobin in humans red
blood cells
What does the enzyme 'nitrogenase' catalyze? - ANSWERAtmospheric nitrogen to
ammonia
What is the difference between endo- and ectomycorrhizae? - ANSWEREcto do not
penetrate the root cortex, whereas endo grow into the invaginations of the root cell
membranes called arbuscules
Do the mycorrhiaze have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship -
ANSWERMutualistic
Why have some plants adapted to a carnivorous live style - ANSWERThey lack
some of the minerals so they eat insects. Most of it is because of poor nitrogen in the
soil
How many elements have been found in plants, and how many of these are
considered to be 'essential'? - ANSWER17 and 9 are essential
Based on a plant's dry mass, what are the four most common macronutrients found
in plants? - ANSWERCarbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
How can you distinguish a plant that suffers from phosphorus deficiency versus a
nitrogen-deficient plants - ANSWERPhosphorus - reddish purple margins
Nitrogen - yellowing of plant at the tip and going towards the center of plant
What is 'humus' and why is it important for the plant? - ANSWERThe remains of
dead organisms and other organic matter. It is important to the plant to fertilize it
What are 'loams', and why is it important for soil to be loamy? - ANSWERThe most
fertile topsoil, it is important because in loams there is enough space to deliver
oxygen to the roots. Made up of sand silt and clay
Why is pH such an important factor for soil quality? - ANSWERIt is important
because if the soil is to acidic then a molecule might bond to the soil to much
causing the plant to not be able to take in the nutrient
Why are cations difficult to get access to in the soil? - ANSWERThey are difficult
because they bond tightly to the soil so another cation has to come break their bond
, Clay is negatively charged and tightly bind to cations making it difficult to uptake from
soil
What does the term 'cation exchange' means? - ANSWERProcess by which cations
are displaced from soil particle by other cations
Are anions also difficult to take up from the soil by plants? - ANSWERThey are
easier to take up from the soil but harder to come by do to being lost during leaching
because they do not bond to the negatively charged soil ions
What does the term heterospory means? - ANSWERproduction of spores of two
different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants.
What defines an ovule - ANSWERFemale gametophyte
What are the advantages of having reduced gametophytes? -
ANSWERGametophytes can develop from spores and be shielded from UV light.
This also allows the dependent gametophytes to gain nutrients from the sporophyte.
What are the evolutionary advantages of a seed? - ANSWERSeed are multicellular,
a seed can be dormant for a long time, supply of stored food
How does the role of the sporophyte change if you go from lower land plants
(bryophytes) to higher land plants (e.g. gymnosperms or angiosperms)? -
ANSWERSporophytes in lower land plants is more for reproductive purposes
What is the difference between an ovary and an ovule - ANSWERThe ovary holds
the ovules
In pollination, what part of the flower receives the pollen? - ANSWERThe stigma
What are petals good for? - ANSWERAid in attracting pollinators
If you look at a flower and a fruit, what parts of a flower can be found in a fruit? -
ANSWERThe seeds of a flower can be found in a fruit.
Why do gymnosperms not have fruits? - ANSWERDont have ovaries
What does the term 'double fertilization' means, and why does that not exist in
Gymnosperms? - ANSWERUnion of two sperm cells with different nuclei female
gametophyte does not exist in gymnosperms because they do not develop a
endosperm
What different ways have evolved how plants can disperse their seeds -
ANSWERThrough air and through pollinators
What is the evolutionary advantage of fruit development. - ANSWERSeeds are more
protected, some fruits develop hairs to help with dispersal into the wind
(HELLMAN&CARLOYE) QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Independent variable - ANSWERValue does not depend on another factor
Dependent variable - ANSWERValue depends on another factor
Controlled variable - ANSWERKept the same throughout the experiment
What are the two key tissues that allow plants to transport water or organic nutrients,
respectively, over long distances? - ANSWERXylem - water and minerals from roots
to shoots
Phloem - transports sugars from photosynthesis to where they are needed
In the root, plants need to take up more CO2 or O2? - ANSWERMore O2
Is the need for CO2 and O2 in leaves the same when compared to roots? -
ANSWERThe difference is because of what the plant needs at that certain spot. The
CO2 is needed for photosynthesis to make sugar for the plant
Why do you think there is/is not a difference in gas exchange when you compare
roots with leaves? - ANSWER
If you look at the apoplast and the symplast, which of the following statements are
true? - ANSWERIn the apoplastic route water and solute move along the continuum
of cell walls and extracellular spaces
If you add sugar to water does the water potential increase or decrease? -
ANSWERDecrease
How is osmosis defined? - ANSWERDiffusion of free water
What is a protoplast? - ANSWERLiving part of the cell which includes plasma
membrane
How would you define transpiration? - ANSWERLoss of water vapor through cells
The Casparian Strip is located in the endodermis. What is its function? -
ANSWERBlocks passive flow of materials into the root vascular tissue of the plant
What are rhizobia - ANSWERThey can generate ammonia from atmospheric
nitrogen
,Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for plants? - ANSWERThey promote growth through
chemicals they produce and they also produce antibodies that protect the roots from
disease. Absorb toxic metals
Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for agriculture? - ANSWERThey can increase crop
yield and reduce the amount of fertilizer and pesticides needed
What is a nodule and what is the reason why they appear sometimes reddish? -
ANSWERIt is composed of plant cells that have been "infected" by Rhizobium. They
appear reddish because of a molecule named leghemoglobin, an iron containing
protein that binds reversibly to oxygen. Similar to the hemoglobin in humans red
blood cells
What does the enzyme 'nitrogenase' catalyze? - ANSWERAtmospheric nitrogen to
ammonia
What is the difference between endo- and ectomycorrhizae? - ANSWEREcto do not
penetrate the root cortex, whereas endo grow into the invaginations of the root cell
membranes called arbuscules
Do the mycorrhiaze have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship -
ANSWERMutualistic
Why have some plants adapted to a carnivorous live style - ANSWERThey lack
some of the minerals so they eat insects. Most of it is because of poor nitrogen in the
soil
How many elements have been found in plants, and how many of these are
considered to be 'essential'? - ANSWER17 and 9 are essential
Based on a plant's dry mass, what are the four most common macronutrients found
in plants? - ANSWERCarbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
How can you distinguish a plant that suffers from phosphorus deficiency versus a
nitrogen-deficient plants - ANSWERPhosphorus - reddish purple margins
Nitrogen - yellowing of plant at the tip and going towards the center of plant
What is 'humus' and why is it important for the plant? - ANSWERThe remains of
dead organisms and other organic matter. It is important to the plant to fertilize it
What are 'loams', and why is it important for soil to be loamy? - ANSWERThe most
fertile topsoil, it is important because in loams there is enough space to deliver
oxygen to the roots. Made up of sand silt and clay
Why is pH such an important factor for soil quality? - ANSWERIt is important
because if the soil is to acidic then a molecule might bond to the soil to much
causing the plant to not be able to take in the nutrient
Why are cations difficult to get access to in the soil? - ANSWERThey are difficult
because they bond tightly to the soil so another cation has to come break their bond
, Clay is negatively charged and tightly bind to cations making it difficult to uptake from
soil
What does the term 'cation exchange' means? - ANSWERProcess by which cations
are displaced from soil particle by other cations
Are anions also difficult to take up from the soil by plants? - ANSWERThey are
easier to take up from the soil but harder to come by do to being lost during leaching
because they do not bond to the negatively charged soil ions
What does the term heterospory means? - ANSWERproduction of spores of two
different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants.
What defines an ovule - ANSWERFemale gametophyte
What are the advantages of having reduced gametophytes? -
ANSWERGametophytes can develop from spores and be shielded from UV light.
This also allows the dependent gametophytes to gain nutrients from the sporophyte.
What are the evolutionary advantages of a seed? - ANSWERSeed are multicellular,
a seed can be dormant for a long time, supply of stored food
How does the role of the sporophyte change if you go from lower land plants
(bryophytes) to higher land plants (e.g. gymnosperms or angiosperms)? -
ANSWERSporophytes in lower land plants is more for reproductive purposes
What is the difference between an ovary and an ovule - ANSWERThe ovary holds
the ovules
In pollination, what part of the flower receives the pollen? - ANSWERThe stigma
What are petals good for? - ANSWERAid in attracting pollinators
If you look at a flower and a fruit, what parts of a flower can be found in a fruit? -
ANSWERThe seeds of a flower can be found in a fruit.
Why do gymnosperms not have fruits? - ANSWERDont have ovaries
What does the term 'double fertilization' means, and why does that not exist in
Gymnosperms? - ANSWERUnion of two sperm cells with different nuclei female
gametophyte does not exist in gymnosperms because they do not develop a
endosperm
What different ways have evolved how plants can disperse their seeds -
ANSWERThrough air and through pollinators
What is the evolutionary advantage of fruit development. - ANSWERSeeds are more
protected, some fruits develop hairs to help with dispersal into the wind
