INHOUDSTAFEL
1 Informatiesystemen ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 6
De productiviteitsparadox ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Bedrijven zijn afhankelijk van informatiesystemen................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Gelaagdheid van informatie ......................................................................................................... 8
Kennis ................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Wijsheid ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
De transitie van data naar wijsheid ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Onderdelen van een informatiesysteem ..................................................................................... 10
1.4 De rol van stakeholders.............................................................................................................. 10
1.5 Belangerijke dimensies voor informatiesystemen ....................................................................... 11
Organisatiecontext .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Technologische context ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Menselijke context............................................................................................................................................... 13
Omgevingscontext ............................................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 De vereisten voor een succesvol informatiesysteem ................................................................... 14
Vooropgestelde eisen van een informatiesysteem................................................................................................. 14
Een succesmodel voor informatiesystemen.......................................................................................................... 15
1.7 Enkele belangrijke wetten in verband met informatie-systemen .................................................. 16
Wet van Moore (Gordon Moore, 1965) ................................................................................................................... 16
Wet van Mass digital storage ................................................................................................................................ 16
Wet van Metcalfe ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Wet van MCguire (de mobiliteitswet) .................................................................................................................... 17
De wet van zimmerman (technologisch inzicht)..................................................................................................... 17
De wet van yule (complementaire producten) ....................................................................................................... 17
De wet van Hoff (wet van schaalbaarheid)............................................................................................................. 17
De wet van Gall (wet van complexe systemen) ...................................................................................................... 17
De wet van Evans (wet van modulariteit) ............................................................................................................... 18
De wet van digitale vermenigvuldiging................................................................................................................... 18
H2 Strategie, waarde en innovatie .......................................................................................... 20
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1 strategische raamwerken........................................................................................................... 20
Het vijfkrachtenmodel van Porter (externe focus) .................................................................................................. 21
Generische concurrentiestrategieën van porter .................................................................................................... 21
Resource based view of a Firm (RBVF) .................................................................................................................. 22
Het deltamodel (focus op klanten)........................................................................................................................ 23
Het adaptieve proces ........................................................................................................................................... 24
MIT’s bedrijfsmodel voor het digitale tijdperk ........................................................................................................ 25
Vergelijking van de 4 modellen ............................................................................................................................. 26
2.2 Strategie versus waarde ............................................................................................................. 26
de waardeketen van porter ................................................................................................................................... 26
Het waardeweb ................................................................................................................................................... 28
Business Model canvas (BMC) ............................................................................................................................. 29
2.3 (digitale) innovatie ..................................................................................................................... 30
Richting en doel van de innovatie.......................................................................................................................... 30
1
, 3-horizontenmodel voor innovatie van McKinsey ................................................................................................... 31
Tien types van innovatie ....................................................................................................................................... 32
De link tussen innovatie en waarde....................................................................................................................... 32
Data driven business model innovation ................................................................................................................ 33
H3 Digitale transformatie ...................................................................................................... 34
3.1 Wat is digitale transformatie ...................................................................................................... 34
Dimensies van digitale transformatie: ................................................................................................................... 35
Opeenvolgende stappen bij digitale transformatie: ............................................................................................... 35
3.2 Adoptie van technologie op organisatieniveau: toe-raamwerk ..................................................... 36
3.3 Adoptie van technologie op eindgebruikersniveau....................................................................... 37
De digitale kloof ................................................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.2 Digitale vaardigheden .................................................................................................................................. 38
3.3.5 Technology adaptation life cycle (talc).......................................................................................................... 41
3.3.6 Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (utaut) ..................................................................... 42
3.3.7 Uitbereiding van utaut (Utaut2)............................................................................................................... 44
3.4 Total cost of ownership (tco) ...................................................................................................... 45
3.5 Regelgeving ............................................................................................................................... 46
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): ......................................................................................................... 46
Data governance act (DGA) .................................................................................................................................. 47
EU-digital markets act (DMA) en digital service act (DSA) ....................................................................................... 48
EU AI act ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
H4 IT-infrastructuur ............................................................................................................... 50
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 50
4.1 Wat is IT-infrastructuur .............................................................................................................. 50
4.2 De bouwstenen van IT-infrastructuur .......................................................................................... 51
Hardware ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
Software ............................................................................................................................................................. 53
Diensten ............................................................................................................................................................. 54
Mensen ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
4.3 Virtualisatie en Cloud computing ............................................................................................... 55
Virtualisatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Cloud computing ................................................................................................................................................. 55
4.4 Niet-functionele vereisten van IT-infrastructuur .......................................................................... 57
4.5 Krachten die invloed hebben op it-infrastructuur ........................................................................ 58
4.6 IT-infrastructuur bewust kiezen .................................................................................................. 59
Het magische kwadrant van gartner...................................................................................................................... 59
gartners Kritische functionaliteiten ....................................................................................................................... 60
Gartners hypecyclus ............................................................................................................................................ 61
De marktklok voor technologie volgens gartner ..................................................................................................... 63
4.7 Shadow-it .................................................................................................................................. 65
H5: Data en databanken ........................................................................................................ 66
5.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Kwaliteit van data ...................................................................................................................... 67
2
, 5.3 hiërarchie van data .................................................................................................................... 68
5.4 De opbouw van een relationele databank.................................................................................... 69
5.5 Het Modelleren van data ............................................................................................................ 71
5.6 Databankmodellen .................................................................................................................... 72
5.6 Database managementsysteem (dbms) ...................................................................................... 74
5.8 Problemen met dataverwerking .................................................................................................. 75
5.9 Datamanagement-benadering .................................................................................................... 76
5.10 Gedistribueerde databanken .................................................................................................... 76
5.11 Electronic data interchange (EDI) .............................................................................................. 77
Omzetten en interpreteren van data ..................................................................................................................... 78
Uitwisselen van data ............................................................................................................................................ 79
verwerking van data bij EDI ................................................................................................................................... 79
Regelgeving rond EDI: .......................................................................................................................................... 79
5.12 Externe databanken ................................................................................................................. 79
5.13 Blockchain............................................................................................................................... 80
H6: Data-analyse .................................................................................................................. 82
6.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................... 82
6.2 De waarde van data analyse ....................................................................................................... 84
6.3 Het data-analyseproces ............................................................................................................. 85
6.4 Big Data ..................................................................................................................................... 87
6.5 Data-analysetechnieken ............................................................................................................ 88
6.6 data science en datamining........................................................................................................ 88
Het bedrijfsprobleem begrijpen ............................................................................................................................ 90
beschikbare (of vereiste) data begrijpen................................................................................................................ 90
Data transformeren voor modellering ................................................................................................................... 91
Data modelleren.................................................................................................................................................. 91
Het model evalueren ........................................................................................................................................... 92
Het model uitrollen binnen de bedrijfsvoering ....................................................................................................... 93
6.7 Artificiële intelligentie ................................................................................................................ 94
6.8 Interactive data-analyse (data exploration tools)......................................................................... 95
6.9 Data analyse in organisaties ....................................................................................................... 96
H7: Netwerken ...................................................................................................................... 98
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 98
7.1 Trends in telecommunicatie ....................................................................................................... 98
7.2 De strategische functionaliteiten van netwerken ........................................................................ 98
7.3 Computernetwerken .................................................................................................................. 99
Netwerktypes ...................................................................................................................................................... 99
Componenten van een computernetwerk ............................................................................................................. 99
Verbinding van netwerkcomponenten .................................................................................................................100
Netwerkarchitecturen .........................................................................................................................................100
3
, 7.4 TCP/IP-netwerken .....................................................................................................................101
Basisbegrrippen .................................................................................................................................................101
Het Osi-model, basis van de TCP/IP-protocolstack ..............................................................................................102
Protocollen in de applicatielaag ..........................................................................................................................104
Protocollen in de transportlaag ...........................................................................................................................105
Protocollen in de (inter)netwerklaag ....................................................................................................................106
Protocollen in de netwerklinklaag ........................................................................................................................107
7.5 Het internet ..............................................................................................................................107
Internet service provider .....................................................................................................................................107
Opdeling op basis van webpagina’s en hun toegankelijkheid ................................................................................108
web 1.0, web 2.0, web 3.0, en web 3 ....................................................................................................................108
7.6 internet of things (Iot) ................................................................................................................109
Opdeling van Iot-devices in functie van het gebruikte netwerk ..............................................................................109
Uitdagingen van iot .............................................................................................................................................110
7.7 Edge computing ........................................................................................................................110
7.8 RFID EN NFC .............................................................................................................................111
H8: E-commerce ................................................................................................................. 112
8.1 factoren die de groei van e-commerce beïnvloeden ...................................................................112
8.2 Soorten e-commerce ................................................................................................................113
Verschillende participanten ................................................................................................................................113
gebruikte media..................................................................................................................................................114
soorten producten ..............................................................................................................................................114
verkoopkanalen ..................................................................................................................................................115
8.3 The new economy .....................................................................................................................116
Dimensies van E-commerce ...............................................................................................................................116
Types bedrijven binnen de nieuwe economie .......................................................................................................117
Bedrijfsmodellen ................................................................................................................................................117
Inkomstenmodellen............................................................................................................................................118
8.4 Van e-commerce naar e-business .............................................................................................118
8.5 Wanneer de overheid aan e-business doet .................................................................................120
H9 Cybersecurity ................................................................................................................ 122
Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................122
9.1 De cia-triad ...............................................................................................................................123
9.2 De economie achter cybersecurity ............................................................................................123
9.3 Technieken om een cyberaanval uit te voeren ............................................................................124
9.4 Advanced persistent threat (ATP) ...............................................................................................126
9.5 Technische maatregelen ter beveiliging van netwerken ..............................................................126
Preventie ............................................................................................................................................................127
Detectie .............................................................................................................................................................132
reactieplannen (response plan) ...........................................................................................................................133
9.6 IT-security governance ..............................................................................................................134
inforation security management system (isms) ....................................................................................................135
Risk assesment ..................................................................................................................................................136
ISO/IEC 27K-normen...........................................................................................................................................136
4
1 Informatiesystemen ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 6
De productiviteitsparadox ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Bedrijven zijn afhankelijk van informatiesystemen................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Gelaagdheid van informatie ......................................................................................................... 8
Kennis ................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Wijsheid ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
De transitie van data naar wijsheid ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Onderdelen van een informatiesysteem ..................................................................................... 10
1.4 De rol van stakeholders.............................................................................................................. 10
1.5 Belangerijke dimensies voor informatiesystemen ....................................................................... 11
Organisatiecontext .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Technologische context ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Menselijke context............................................................................................................................................... 13
Omgevingscontext ............................................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 De vereisten voor een succesvol informatiesysteem ................................................................... 14
Vooropgestelde eisen van een informatiesysteem................................................................................................. 14
Een succesmodel voor informatiesystemen.......................................................................................................... 15
1.7 Enkele belangrijke wetten in verband met informatie-systemen .................................................. 16
Wet van Moore (Gordon Moore, 1965) ................................................................................................................... 16
Wet van Mass digital storage ................................................................................................................................ 16
Wet van Metcalfe ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Wet van MCguire (de mobiliteitswet) .................................................................................................................... 17
De wet van zimmerman (technologisch inzicht)..................................................................................................... 17
De wet van yule (complementaire producten) ....................................................................................................... 17
De wet van Hoff (wet van schaalbaarheid)............................................................................................................. 17
De wet van Gall (wet van complexe systemen) ...................................................................................................... 17
De wet van Evans (wet van modulariteit) ............................................................................................................... 18
De wet van digitale vermenigvuldiging................................................................................................................... 18
H2 Strategie, waarde en innovatie .......................................................................................... 20
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1 strategische raamwerken........................................................................................................... 20
Het vijfkrachtenmodel van Porter (externe focus) .................................................................................................. 21
Generische concurrentiestrategieën van porter .................................................................................................... 21
Resource based view of a Firm (RBVF) .................................................................................................................. 22
Het deltamodel (focus op klanten)........................................................................................................................ 23
Het adaptieve proces ........................................................................................................................................... 24
MIT’s bedrijfsmodel voor het digitale tijdperk ........................................................................................................ 25
Vergelijking van de 4 modellen ............................................................................................................................. 26
2.2 Strategie versus waarde ............................................................................................................. 26
de waardeketen van porter ................................................................................................................................... 26
Het waardeweb ................................................................................................................................................... 28
Business Model canvas (BMC) ............................................................................................................................. 29
2.3 (digitale) innovatie ..................................................................................................................... 30
Richting en doel van de innovatie.......................................................................................................................... 30
1
, 3-horizontenmodel voor innovatie van McKinsey ................................................................................................... 31
Tien types van innovatie ....................................................................................................................................... 32
De link tussen innovatie en waarde....................................................................................................................... 32
Data driven business model innovation ................................................................................................................ 33
H3 Digitale transformatie ...................................................................................................... 34
3.1 Wat is digitale transformatie ...................................................................................................... 34
Dimensies van digitale transformatie: ................................................................................................................... 35
Opeenvolgende stappen bij digitale transformatie: ............................................................................................... 35
3.2 Adoptie van technologie op organisatieniveau: toe-raamwerk ..................................................... 36
3.3 Adoptie van technologie op eindgebruikersniveau....................................................................... 37
De digitale kloof ................................................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.2 Digitale vaardigheden .................................................................................................................................. 38
3.3.5 Technology adaptation life cycle (talc).......................................................................................................... 41
3.3.6 Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (utaut) ..................................................................... 42
3.3.7 Uitbereiding van utaut (Utaut2)............................................................................................................... 44
3.4 Total cost of ownership (tco) ...................................................................................................... 45
3.5 Regelgeving ............................................................................................................................... 46
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): ......................................................................................................... 46
Data governance act (DGA) .................................................................................................................................. 47
EU-digital markets act (DMA) en digital service act (DSA) ....................................................................................... 48
EU AI act ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
H4 IT-infrastructuur ............................................................................................................... 50
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 50
4.1 Wat is IT-infrastructuur .............................................................................................................. 50
4.2 De bouwstenen van IT-infrastructuur .......................................................................................... 51
Hardware ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
Software ............................................................................................................................................................. 53
Diensten ............................................................................................................................................................. 54
Mensen ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
4.3 Virtualisatie en Cloud computing ............................................................................................... 55
Virtualisatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Cloud computing ................................................................................................................................................. 55
4.4 Niet-functionele vereisten van IT-infrastructuur .......................................................................... 57
4.5 Krachten die invloed hebben op it-infrastructuur ........................................................................ 58
4.6 IT-infrastructuur bewust kiezen .................................................................................................. 59
Het magische kwadrant van gartner...................................................................................................................... 59
gartners Kritische functionaliteiten ....................................................................................................................... 60
Gartners hypecyclus ............................................................................................................................................ 61
De marktklok voor technologie volgens gartner ..................................................................................................... 63
4.7 Shadow-it .................................................................................................................................. 65
H5: Data en databanken ........................................................................................................ 66
5.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Kwaliteit van data ...................................................................................................................... 67
2
, 5.3 hiërarchie van data .................................................................................................................... 68
5.4 De opbouw van een relationele databank.................................................................................... 69
5.5 Het Modelleren van data ............................................................................................................ 71
5.6 Databankmodellen .................................................................................................................... 72
5.6 Database managementsysteem (dbms) ...................................................................................... 74
5.8 Problemen met dataverwerking .................................................................................................. 75
5.9 Datamanagement-benadering .................................................................................................... 76
5.10 Gedistribueerde databanken .................................................................................................... 76
5.11 Electronic data interchange (EDI) .............................................................................................. 77
Omzetten en interpreteren van data ..................................................................................................................... 78
Uitwisselen van data ............................................................................................................................................ 79
verwerking van data bij EDI ................................................................................................................................... 79
Regelgeving rond EDI: .......................................................................................................................................... 79
5.12 Externe databanken ................................................................................................................. 79
5.13 Blockchain............................................................................................................................... 80
H6: Data-analyse .................................................................................................................. 82
6.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................... 82
6.2 De waarde van data analyse ....................................................................................................... 84
6.3 Het data-analyseproces ............................................................................................................. 85
6.4 Big Data ..................................................................................................................................... 87
6.5 Data-analysetechnieken ............................................................................................................ 88
6.6 data science en datamining........................................................................................................ 88
Het bedrijfsprobleem begrijpen ............................................................................................................................ 90
beschikbare (of vereiste) data begrijpen................................................................................................................ 90
Data transformeren voor modellering ................................................................................................................... 91
Data modelleren.................................................................................................................................................. 91
Het model evalueren ........................................................................................................................................... 92
Het model uitrollen binnen de bedrijfsvoering ....................................................................................................... 93
6.7 Artificiële intelligentie ................................................................................................................ 94
6.8 Interactive data-analyse (data exploration tools)......................................................................... 95
6.9 Data analyse in organisaties ....................................................................................................... 96
H7: Netwerken ...................................................................................................................... 98
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 98
7.1 Trends in telecommunicatie ....................................................................................................... 98
7.2 De strategische functionaliteiten van netwerken ........................................................................ 98
7.3 Computernetwerken .................................................................................................................. 99
Netwerktypes ...................................................................................................................................................... 99
Componenten van een computernetwerk ............................................................................................................. 99
Verbinding van netwerkcomponenten .................................................................................................................100
Netwerkarchitecturen .........................................................................................................................................100
3
, 7.4 TCP/IP-netwerken .....................................................................................................................101
Basisbegrrippen .................................................................................................................................................101
Het Osi-model, basis van de TCP/IP-protocolstack ..............................................................................................102
Protocollen in de applicatielaag ..........................................................................................................................104
Protocollen in de transportlaag ...........................................................................................................................105
Protocollen in de (inter)netwerklaag ....................................................................................................................106
Protocollen in de netwerklinklaag ........................................................................................................................107
7.5 Het internet ..............................................................................................................................107
Internet service provider .....................................................................................................................................107
Opdeling op basis van webpagina’s en hun toegankelijkheid ................................................................................108
web 1.0, web 2.0, web 3.0, en web 3 ....................................................................................................................108
7.6 internet of things (Iot) ................................................................................................................109
Opdeling van Iot-devices in functie van het gebruikte netwerk ..............................................................................109
Uitdagingen van iot .............................................................................................................................................110
7.7 Edge computing ........................................................................................................................110
7.8 RFID EN NFC .............................................................................................................................111
H8: E-commerce ................................................................................................................. 112
8.1 factoren die de groei van e-commerce beïnvloeden ...................................................................112
8.2 Soorten e-commerce ................................................................................................................113
Verschillende participanten ................................................................................................................................113
gebruikte media..................................................................................................................................................114
soorten producten ..............................................................................................................................................114
verkoopkanalen ..................................................................................................................................................115
8.3 The new economy .....................................................................................................................116
Dimensies van E-commerce ...............................................................................................................................116
Types bedrijven binnen de nieuwe economie .......................................................................................................117
Bedrijfsmodellen ................................................................................................................................................117
Inkomstenmodellen............................................................................................................................................118
8.4 Van e-commerce naar e-business .............................................................................................118
8.5 Wanneer de overheid aan e-business doet .................................................................................120
H9 Cybersecurity ................................................................................................................ 122
Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................122
9.1 De cia-triad ...............................................................................................................................123
9.2 De economie achter cybersecurity ............................................................................................123
9.3 Technieken om een cyberaanval uit te voeren ............................................................................124
9.4 Advanced persistent threat (ATP) ...............................................................................................126
9.5 Technische maatregelen ter beveiliging van netwerken ..............................................................126
Preventie ............................................................................................................................................................127
Detectie .............................................................................................................................................................132
reactieplannen (response plan) ...........................................................................................................................133
9.6 IT-security governance ..............................................................................................................134
inforation security management system (isms) ....................................................................................................135
Risk assesment ..................................................................................................................................................136
ISO/IEC 27K-normen...........................................................................................................................................136
4
