Homer & Hesiod Origin of God, beginning of cosmos
Xenophanes Argues for purification of image of God (no longer anthropomorphic)
Peisistratus Order to commit a standard version of Homer & put in library
Heraclitus of Discovery of inherent order in reality
Ephesus - Everything flows, nothing remains
Parmenides of Discovery of inherent order in reality
Elea - Being is, not being is not (unchanging)
- Text On Nature (Being is: unchanging, perfect, continuous, …)
Critique by Aristotle: belongs to metaphysics
Importance:
- Raises question of how to understand reality
- Chose reason above trusting senses
Protagoras Sophist, confirmed relativist
- Knowledge of ultimate truth is not possible, things are as they appear to
me ( need to convince others of own perspective)
Socrates Sophist, BUT
- Searched for true meaning of moral concepts where sophists bent
meaning to their will
- Insight into true meaning leads to effective moral conduct
- Logos: no longer means of power, but place where knowledge, truth, and
virtue are established
- Convince people by knowledge, and not by beauty of its words
Plato Philosophy becomes a system
- Platonic philosophy (provisional character of knowledge, offer systematic
explanation of reality) – through dialogues
- Broaden Socrates’ matter to more than ethical dimension (global
interpretation of reality as a whole)
o Development of consistent theory of the soul
o Distinguishment of knowledge & opinion
Idea of the Good (adopted from Socrates)
Aristotle Aim: develop comprehensive system of knowledge (empirical science)
>< Plato: sensible word CAN possess degree of stability (fundamental parts of
reality don’t exist in separate realm of ideal forms) sensible world as source of
fundamental realities
Augustine Aim: reconcile truths of Christian faith with philosophical inquiry
Philosophia Christiana
Pseudo- Falsely claimed to be biblical figure Dionysus converted by Paul authority
Dionysius the solidified influence of Neoplatonism on Christian thought and theology
Areopagite
Thomas Aquinas Dominican
, Denies contradiction of philosophy & theology there are no 2 truths
William of Nominalism
Ockham Ockham’s razor
Martin Luther Reformation
Protestantism
Copernicus Astronomy, Sun as centre of universe Copernican Revolution
Galileo Galilei
Johannes Kepler
Andreas
Vesalius
Masaccio
Francis Bacon Most important theorist of new scientific mentality
René Descartes Found:
- Analytic geometry
- Theory of light
- Systematization of new world view of mathematical physics
To arrive at indubitable certainties
John Locke Empiricism
David Hume Scepticism, Hume’s fork
Immanuel Kant Philosopher of Enlightenment (18th c)
Karl Marx Alienation, economic sphere
Scientific socialism /true philosophy
Auguste Comte Positivism
History of thought
F. Nietzsche Against modern philosophy (attack on tradition)
Contemporary philosophy
Edmund Husserl Phenomenology
Search for reality
Martin Existential phenomenology
Heidegger Existentials
Karl Jaspers
Maurice
Merleau-Ponty
S de Beauvoir
Albert Camus
Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism
Jacques Derrida Structuralism
F. de Saussure
, 0: introduction
Wonder
Plato’s cave teaches us that our everyday perceptions can be limited and deceptive. True
knowledge and understanding can only be attained through philosophical
reflection and a journey to discover the ultimate truth beyond the shadows.
Philosophy v
ideology
Historicity
1: Fortunes of philosophical rationality
1. Philosophy in Anti quity
Myth
Culture shock Change in:
- Nature of Gods
- Way tradition is handed down (oral writing)
Because of:
o Universality
o Objectivity
o Systematicity
logos
- Status of divine
o Desacralisation of nature (move Gods)
- Distinction between knowledge & practical application
o Knowing for sake of knowing: Theoria (Theoros)
Reason New explanatory principle
Sophoi Natural philosophy
Task: explanation of nature (through principles part of nature – natural forces,
primordial manner)
gives rise to development of cosmology
Ethics Emerged as consequence of desacralisation of world:
- Jeopardization of traditional relations tension between nature &
culture (social & political changes)
Xenophanes Argues for purification of image of God (no longer anthropomorphic)
Peisistratus Order to commit a standard version of Homer & put in library
Heraclitus of Discovery of inherent order in reality
Ephesus - Everything flows, nothing remains
Parmenides of Discovery of inherent order in reality
Elea - Being is, not being is not (unchanging)
- Text On Nature (Being is: unchanging, perfect, continuous, …)
Critique by Aristotle: belongs to metaphysics
Importance:
- Raises question of how to understand reality
- Chose reason above trusting senses
Protagoras Sophist, confirmed relativist
- Knowledge of ultimate truth is not possible, things are as they appear to
me ( need to convince others of own perspective)
Socrates Sophist, BUT
- Searched for true meaning of moral concepts where sophists bent
meaning to their will
- Insight into true meaning leads to effective moral conduct
- Logos: no longer means of power, but place where knowledge, truth, and
virtue are established
- Convince people by knowledge, and not by beauty of its words
Plato Philosophy becomes a system
- Platonic philosophy (provisional character of knowledge, offer systematic
explanation of reality) – through dialogues
- Broaden Socrates’ matter to more than ethical dimension (global
interpretation of reality as a whole)
o Development of consistent theory of the soul
o Distinguishment of knowledge & opinion
Idea of the Good (adopted from Socrates)
Aristotle Aim: develop comprehensive system of knowledge (empirical science)
>< Plato: sensible word CAN possess degree of stability (fundamental parts of
reality don’t exist in separate realm of ideal forms) sensible world as source of
fundamental realities
Augustine Aim: reconcile truths of Christian faith with philosophical inquiry
Philosophia Christiana
Pseudo- Falsely claimed to be biblical figure Dionysus converted by Paul authority
Dionysius the solidified influence of Neoplatonism on Christian thought and theology
Areopagite
Thomas Aquinas Dominican
, Denies contradiction of philosophy & theology there are no 2 truths
William of Nominalism
Ockham Ockham’s razor
Martin Luther Reformation
Protestantism
Copernicus Astronomy, Sun as centre of universe Copernican Revolution
Galileo Galilei
Johannes Kepler
Andreas
Vesalius
Masaccio
Francis Bacon Most important theorist of new scientific mentality
René Descartes Found:
- Analytic geometry
- Theory of light
- Systematization of new world view of mathematical physics
To arrive at indubitable certainties
John Locke Empiricism
David Hume Scepticism, Hume’s fork
Immanuel Kant Philosopher of Enlightenment (18th c)
Karl Marx Alienation, economic sphere
Scientific socialism /true philosophy
Auguste Comte Positivism
History of thought
F. Nietzsche Against modern philosophy (attack on tradition)
Contemporary philosophy
Edmund Husserl Phenomenology
Search for reality
Martin Existential phenomenology
Heidegger Existentials
Karl Jaspers
Maurice
Merleau-Ponty
S de Beauvoir
Albert Camus
Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism
Jacques Derrida Structuralism
F. de Saussure
, 0: introduction
Wonder
Plato’s cave teaches us that our everyday perceptions can be limited and deceptive. True
knowledge and understanding can only be attained through philosophical
reflection and a journey to discover the ultimate truth beyond the shadows.
Philosophy v
ideology
Historicity
1: Fortunes of philosophical rationality
1. Philosophy in Anti quity
Myth
Culture shock Change in:
- Nature of Gods
- Way tradition is handed down (oral writing)
Because of:
o Universality
o Objectivity
o Systematicity
logos
- Status of divine
o Desacralisation of nature (move Gods)
- Distinction between knowledge & practical application
o Knowing for sake of knowing: Theoria (Theoros)
Reason New explanatory principle
Sophoi Natural philosophy
Task: explanation of nature (through principles part of nature – natural forces,
primordial manner)
gives rise to development of cosmology
Ethics Emerged as consequence of desacralisation of world:
- Jeopardization of traditional relations tension between nature &
culture (social & political changes)
