BIO 116 exam 4 Questions with Complete Solutions 100% Verified| Latest
Update Graded A+
Why does the U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially
established a zero population growth (ZPG)? immigration
A hypothetical bat species (species 1) lives in a city. Another hypothetical bat species (species 2)
established a population in the same city after a number of individuals escaped from a zoo. In
isolation, each species prefers to roost in buildings that are three or more stories tall.
After species 2 became established in the city, species 1 began roosting only in buildings less
than three stories tall, whereas species 2 roosted in buildings three or more stories tall.
Observers determined that the bright streetlights at ground level had previously deterred most
bats from roosting in shorter buildings. Over many generations of existing in the same city with
species 2, species 1 showed changes in eye size and retina structure.
Complete the following statements about the two bat species.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
Not all terms will be used. 1. fundamental niche
2. interspecific competition
3. competitive exclusion
4. realized niche
5. resource partitioning
6. -/-
7. character displacement
Predation is an interspecific interaction in which one species benefits by eating another.
Potential prey organisms have various adaptations that allow them to avoid or escape
predators. The following examples demonstrate either mimicry, camouflage, mechanical
defense, chemical defense, or schooling. Sort the examples based on the type of predator
avoidance they demonstrate.
Drag each example to the appropriate bin. mimicry:
,-viceroy and monarchbutterflies (bothunpalatable) look alike
-hornet moth (harmless)resembles paperwasp (venomous)
camouflage:
-an octopus assumesthe color and textureof the seafloor
mechanical defense:
-rosebush thorns
-snails have shells
-sea urchin spines
chemical defense:
-skunk scent
-jimsonweed toxins
schooling/fllocking:
-flock of snow geese
Interspecific interactions can be categorized by whether each species in the interaction
benefits, is harmed, or is neither helped nor harmed. Competition is a -/- interaction, meaning
that it has a negative effect on both species. Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are
types of interspecific interactions in which at least one species benefits.
Three examples of symbiosis are epiphytic orchids and trees, hookworms and humans, and
rumen bacteria and cows. Epiphytic orchids are plants that live on the branches or trunks of
trees. The trees supply the orchids with space, and the orchids (which are autotrophs) do not
appear to affect the tree. Human hookworms live in human intestines and eat blood. Rumen
bacteria allow for digestion of cellulose in the cow's diet; in turn, the bacteria are supplied with
nutrients.
,Categorize mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism as either +/-, +/0, or +/+. Also select the
correct a. parasitism
b. one species benefits by harming another
c. hookworms and humans
d. commensalism
e. one species benefits; the other is unaffected
f. epiphytic orchids and trees
g. mutualism
h. both species benefit
I. rumen bacteria and cows
The figure looks at the three modes of selection in a mouse population with a range of fur color
phenotypes. Different modes of selection are seen under different sets of environmental
conditions, and each mode has a different effect on the population. (Note that the white
arrows indicate phenotypes that are selected against -- phenotypes that are less successful in
surviving and reproducing -- in each mode of selection.)
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table below. Drag only blue labels to blue
targets, pink labels to pink targets, and white labels to white targets. a. dark fur
b. more individuals with darker fur
c. dark rocks and light rocks
d. dark fur and light fur
e. rocks of intermediate color
f. more individuals with intermediate fur color
The figure shows an example of character displacement in the Galápagos ground finches
Geospiza fuliginosa (small ground finch) and Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch). The
character, or trait, being displaced in this example is beak depth. Beak depth correlates with
diet, so that finches with similar beak sizes eat similar food.
, The first two graphs show beak sizes in allopatric, or geographically separate, populations of G.
fuliginosa and G. fortis.
The bottom graph shows beak sizes in sympatric populations, where the two species occur
together.
When character displacement has occurred, the traits of sympatric populations diverge more
than the traits of allopatric populations. In other words, there is more overlap in the beak size
of the allopatric finch populations (top two graphs) than in the sympatric finch populations
(bottom graph).
Fill in the sentences below, which explain how character displacement evolved 1. los
hermanos, daphne
2. interspecific competition
3. less
4. deeper beaks
5. shallower beaks
6. directional
7. reduces
D. C. Adams and F. J. Rohlf observed character displacement in two species of salamanders on
the east coast of the United States - Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hoffmani. Their data on
body size in the two species appear below.
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table to describe natural selection due to
interspecific competition in each population. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not
at all. a. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition
b. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition
c. directional selection for smaller body size
d. directional selection for larger body size
As you saw in Part C, the body sizes of sympatric and allopatric P. cinereus and P. hoffmani are
consistent with a hypothesis of character displacement resulting from interspecific competition.
Update Graded A+
Why does the U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially
established a zero population growth (ZPG)? immigration
A hypothetical bat species (species 1) lives in a city. Another hypothetical bat species (species 2)
established a population in the same city after a number of individuals escaped from a zoo. In
isolation, each species prefers to roost in buildings that are three or more stories tall.
After species 2 became established in the city, species 1 began roosting only in buildings less
than three stories tall, whereas species 2 roosted in buildings three or more stories tall.
Observers determined that the bright streetlights at ground level had previously deterred most
bats from roosting in shorter buildings. Over many generations of existing in the same city with
species 2, species 1 showed changes in eye size and retina structure.
Complete the following statements about the two bat species.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
Not all terms will be used. 1. fundamental niche
2. interspecific competition
3. competitive exclusion
4. realized niche
5. resource partitioning
6. -/-
7. character displacement
Predation is an interspecific interaction in which one species benefits by eating another.
Potential prey organisms have various adaptations that allow them to avoid or escape
predators. The following examples demonstrate either mimicry, camouflage, mechanical
defense, chemical defense, or schooling. Sort the examples based on the type of predator
avoidance they demonstrate.
Drag each example to the appropriate bin. mimicry:
,-viceroy and monarchbutterflies (bothunpalatable) look alike
-hornet moth (harmless)resembles paperwasp (venomous)
camouflage:
-an octopus assumesthe color and textureof the seafloor
mechanical defense:
-rosebush thorns
-snails have shells
-sea urchin spines
chemical defense:
-skunk scent
-jimsonweed toxins
schooling/fllocking:
-flock of snow geese
Interspecific interactions can be categorized by whether each species in the interaction
benefits, is harmed, or is neither helped nor harmed. Competition is a -/- interaction, meaning
that it has a negative effect on both species. Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are
types of interspecific interactions in which at least one species benefits.
Three examples of symbiosis are epiphytic orchids and trees, hookworms and humans, and
rumen bacteria and cows. Epiphytic orchids are plants that live on the branches or trunks of
trees. The trees supply the orchids with space, and the orchids (which are autotrophs) do not
appear to affect the tree. Human hookworms live in human intestines and eat blood. Rumen
bacteria allow for digestion of cellulose in the cow's diet; in turn, the bacteria are supplied with
nutrients.
,Categorize mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism as either +/-, +/0, or +/+. Also select the
correct a. parasitism
b. one species benefits by harming another
c. hookworms and humans
d. commensalism
e. one species benefits; the other is unaffected
f. epiphytic orchids and trees
g. mutualism
h. both species benefit
I. rumen bacteria and cows
The figure looks at the three modes of selection in a mouse population with a range of fur color
phenotypes. Different modes of selection are seen under different sets of environmental
conditions, and each mode has a different effect on the population. (Note that the white
arrows indicate phenotypes that are selected against -- phenotypes that are less successful in
surviving and reproducing -- in each mode of selection.)
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table below. Drag only blue labels to blue
targets, pink labels to pink targets, and white labels to white targets. a. dark fur
b. more individuals with darker fur
c. dark rocks and light rocks
d. dark fur and light fur
e. rocks of intermediate color
f. more individuals with intermediate fur color
The figure shows an example of character displacement in the Galápagos ground finches
Geospiza fuliginosa (small ground finch) and Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch). The
character, or trait, being displaced in this example is beak depth. Beak depth correlates with
diet, so that finches with similar beak sizes eat similar food.
, The first two graphs show beak sizes in allopatric, or geographically separate, populations of G.
fuliginosa and G. fortis.
The bottom graph shows beak sizes in sympatric populations, where the two species occur
together.
When character displacement has occurred, the traits of sympatric populations diverge more
than the traits of allopatric populations. In other words, there is more overlap in the beak size
of the allopatric finch populations (top two graphs) than in the sympatric finch populations
(bottom graph).
Fill in the sentences below, which explain how character displacement evolved 1. los
hermanos, daphne
2. interspecific competition
3. less
4. deeper beaks
5. shallower beaks
6. directional
7. reduces
D. C. Adams and F. J. Rohlf observed character displacement in two species of salamanders on
the east coast of the United States - Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hoffmani. Their data on
body size in the two species appear below.
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table to describe natural selection due to
interspecific competition in each population. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not
at all. a. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition
b. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition
c. directional selection for smaller body size
d. directional selection for larger body size
As you saw in Part C, the body sizes of sympatric and allopatric P. cinereus and P. hoffmani are
consistent with a hypothesis of character displacement resulting from interspecific competition.
