NUR 529 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
dystrophic calcification vs metastatic calcification ✅✅ANSW-Pathologic calcification involves the
abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and
other minerals. It is known as dystrophic calcification when it occurs in dead or dying tissues and as
metastatic calcification when it occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium
levels (hypercalcemia ).
lead poisoning ✅✅ANSW-Lead Toxicity. Lead is a particularly toxic metal. Small amounts
accumulate to reach toxic levels.
Although children may have the same or a lower intake of lead, the absorption in infants and
children is greater; thus, they are more vulnerable to lead toxicity
The toxicity of lead is related to its multiple biochemical effects. It has the ability to inactivate
enzymes, compete with calcium for incorporation into bone, and interfere with nerve transmission
and brain development. The major targets of lead toxicity are the red blood cells, the
gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, and the nervous system.
The formation of a blue lead line along the margins of the gum is one of the diagnostic features of
lead poisoning.
The most serious manifestation of lead poisoning is acute encephalopathy. It is manifested by
persistent vomiting, ataxia, seizures, papilledema, impaired consciousness, and coma. Acute
encephalopathy may manifest suddenly, or it may be preceded by other signs of lead toxicity such as
behavioral changes or abdominal complaints.
13. Chapter 4. Genetic Control of Cell Function: From Genes to Proteins rna ✅✅ANSW-RNA, like
DNA, is a large molecule made up of a long string of nucleotides. However, it differs from DNA in
three aspects of its structure. First, RNA is a single-stranded rather than a double-stranded molecule.
Here, we will discuss three types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and
transfer RNA (tRNA). All three types of RNA are synthesized in the nucleus by RNA polymerase
enzymes and then moved into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place. Messenger RNA
carries the instructions for protein synthesis, obtained from the DNA molecule, into the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA translates the instructions and provides the machinery needed for protein synthesis,
and transfer RNA reads the instructions and delivers the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome.
We will discuss each of these types of RNA in turn
, Diagnostic Methods ✅✅ANSW-The methods used in the diagnosis and staging of cancer are
mainly determined by the location and type of cancer suspected. Several procedures are used to
diagnose cancer, including blood tests for tumor markers, cytologic studies, and tissue biopsy,
endoscopic examinations, ultrasonography, x-ray studies, MRI, computed tomography (CT), and
positron emission tomography.
The Papanicolaou test (Pap test) is a cytologic method used for detecting cancer cells. It consists of a
microscopic examination of an adequately prepared slide by a cytotechnologist or pathologist to
detect abnormal cells.
Tissue Biopsy. Tissue biopsy, which is of critical importance in diagnosing cancer and histology
correctly, involves removing a tissue specimen for microscopic study.
Fine needle aspiration is another approach that is widely used. The procedure involves aspirating
cells and attendant fluid with a small-bore needle. The method is most commonly used for the
assessment of readily palpable lesions in sites such as the thyroid, breast, and lymph nodes. Modern
imaging techniques have also enabled the method to be extended to deeper structures such as the
pelvic lymph nodes and pancreas.
Immunohistochemistry involves using antibodies to facilitate the identification of cell products or
surface markers
Microarray technology uses "gene chips" to simultaneously perform miniature assays to detect and
quantify the expression of large numbers of genes
Tumor markers ✅✅ANSW-Tumor markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells
or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of the tumor. substances, such
as hormones and enzymes produced normally by the involved tissue, become overexpressed due to
cancer. Other tumor markers, such as oncofetal proteins, are produced during fetal development
and are induced to reappear later in life due to benign and malignant neoplasms. Tumor markers are
used for screening, establishing prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting recurrent disease
What is evidence-based practice? ✅✅ANSW-Evidence-based practice refers to making decisions
in healthcare based on scientific data that have shown a specific way of managing a disease, patient
symptoms, and complaints.
Describe dietary recommendations to prevent neural tube defects. ✅✅ANSW-administration of
folic acid to pregnant people and people who may become pregnant to prevent fetal neural tube
defects. type of primary prevention
ANSWERS
dystrophic calcification vs metastatic calcification ✅✅ANSW-Pathologic calcification involves the
abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and
other minerals. It is known as dystrophic calcification when it occurs in dead or dying tissues and as
metastatic calcification when it occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium
levels (hypercalcemia ).
lead poisoning ✅✅ANSW-Lead Toxicity. Lead is a particularly toxic metal. Small amounts
accumulate to reach toxic levels.
Although children may have the same or a lower intake of lead, the absorption in infants and
children is greater; thus, they are more vulnerable to lead toxicity
The toxicity of lead is related to its multiple biochemical effects. It has the ability to inactivate
enzymes, compete with calcium for incorporation into bone, and interfere with nerve transmission
and brain development. The major targets of lead toxicity are the red blood cells, the
gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, and the nervous system.
The formation of a blue lead line along the margins of the gum is one of the diagnostic features of
lead poisoning.
The most serious manifestation of lead poisoning is acute encephalopathy. It is manifested by
persistent vomiting, ataxia, seizures, papilledema, impaired consciousness, and coma. Acute
encephalopathy may manifest suddenly, or it may be preceded by other signs of lead toxicity such as
behavioral changes or abdominal complaints.
13. Chapter 4. Genetic Control of Cell Function: From Genes to Proteins rna ✅✅ANSW-RNA, like
DNA, is a large molecule made up of a long string of nucleotides. However, it differs from DNA in
three aspects of its structure. First, RNA is a single-stranded rather than a double-stranded molecule.
Here, we will discuss three types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and
transfer RNA (tRNA). All three types of RNA are synthesized in the nucleus by RNA polymerase
enzymes and then moved into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place. Messenger RNA
carries the instructions for protein synthesis, obtained from the DNA molecule, into the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA translates the instructions and provides the machinery needed for protein synthesis,
and transfer RNA reads the instructions and delivers the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome.
We will discuss each of these types of RNA in turn
, Diagnostic Methods ✅✅ANSW-The methods used in the diagnosis and staging of cancer are
mainly determined by the location and type of cancer suspected. Several procedures are used to
diagnose cancer, including blood tests for tumor markers, cytologic studies, and tissue biopsy,
endoscopic examinations, ultrasonography, x-ray studies, MRI, computed tomography (CT), and
positron emission tomography.
The Papanicolaou test (Pap test) is a cytologic method used for detecting cancer cells. It consists of a
microscopic examination of an adequately prepared slide by a cytotechnologist or pathologist to
detect abnormal cells.
Tissue Biopsy. Tissue biopsy, which is of critical importance in diagnosing cancer and histology
correctly, involves removing a tissue specimen for microscopic study.
Fine needle aspiration is another approach that is widely used. The procedure involves aspirating
cells and attendant fluid with a small-bore needle. The method is most commonly used for the
assessment of readily palpable lesions in sites such as the thyroid, breast, and lymph nodes. Modern
imaging techniques have also enabled the method to be extended to deeper structures such as the
pelvic lymph nodes and pancreas.
Immunohistochemistry involves using antibodies to facilitate the identification of cell products or
surface markers
Microarray technology uses "gene chips" to simultaneously perform miniature assays to detect and
quantify the expression of large numbers of genes
Tumor markers ✅✅ANSW-Tumor markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells
or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of the tumor. substances, such
as hormones and enzymes produced normally by the involved tissue, become overexpressed due to
cancer. Other tumor markers, such as oncofetal proteins, are produced during fetal development
and are induced to reappear later in life due to benign and malignant neoplasms. Tumor markers are
used for screening, establishing prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting recurrent disease
What is evidence-based practice? ✅✅ANSW-Evidence-based practice refers to making decisions
in healthcare based on scientific data that have shown a specific way of managing a disease, patient
symptoms, and complaints.
Describe dietary recommendations to prevent neural tube defects. ✅✅ANSW-administration of
folic acid to pregnant people and people who may become pregnant to prevent fetal neural tube
defects. type of primary prevention
