1. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with abdominal pain,
bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.
2. Case Study: A 25-year-old male presents with persistent
headaches, visual disturbances, and an enlarged sella turcica on
imaging.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
findings?
A. Brain tumor
B. Pituitary adenoma
C. Migraine
D. Sinusitis
Answer: B. Pituitary adenoma
Rationale: A pituitary adenoma can cause headaches, visual
disturbances (due to pressure on the optic chiasm), and
enlargement of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland resides.
3. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a history of
chronic leg swelling and varicose veins. He also reports discomfort
in the affected area.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
,B. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
C. Chronic venous insufficiency
D. Cellulitis
Answer: C. Chronic venous insufficiency
Rationale: Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when the veins in
the legs are unable to pump blood back to the heart efficiently,
leading to swelling, varicose veins, and discomfort.
4. Case Study: A 35-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol
use presents with confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
A. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
B. Alcoholic hepatitis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cirrhosis
Answer: A. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Rationale: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological
disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, commonly associated with
chronic alcohol use, leading to confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus.
5. Case Study: A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension
presents with sudden loss of vision in one eye.
Question: What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
A. Retinal detachment
B. Cataract
C. Glaucoma
D. Macular degeneration
Answer: A. Retinal detachment
Rationale: Retinal detachment can cause sudden, painless vision
loss in one eye, often accompanied by flashing lights or a curtain-
like shadow.
, 6. Case Study: A 50-year-old female presents with a history of
joint pain, morning stiffness, and swollen joints. Blood tests show
positive rheumatoid factor.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient's joint
symptoms?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Rheumatoid Arthritis
C. Gout
D. Lupus
Answer: B. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that
causes joint inflammation and is commonly associated with a
positive rheumatoid factor.
7. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a cough, fever,
and pleuritic chest pain. He has a history of smoking.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Pneumonia
B. Tuberculosis
C. Bronchitis
D. Lung cancer
Answer: A. Pneumonia
Rationale: Pneumonia is characterized by symptoms such as
cough, fever, and chest pain. Smokers are at an increased risk of
developing pneumonia.
8. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.
2. Case Study: A 25-year-old male presents with persistent
headaches, visual disturbances, and an enlarged sella turcica on
imaging.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
findings?
A. Brain tumor
B. Pituitary adenoma
C. Migraine
D. Sinusitis
Answer: B. Pituitary adenoma
Rationale: A pituitary adenoma can cause headaches, visual
disturbances (due to pressure on the optic chiasm), and
enlargement of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland resides.
3. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a history of
chronic leg swelling and varicose veins. He also reports discomfort
in the affected area.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
,B. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
C. Chronic venous insufficiency
D. Cellulitis
Answer: C. Chronic venous insufficiency
Rationale: Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when the veins in
the legs are unable to pump blood back to the heart efficiently,
leading to swelling, varicose veins, and discomfort.
4. Case Study: A 35-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol
use presents with confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
A. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
B. Alcoholic hepatitis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cirrhosis
Answer: A. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Rationale: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological
disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, commonly associated with
chronic alcohol use, leading to confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus.
5. Case Study: A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension
presents with sudden loss of vision in one eye.
Question: What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
A. Retinal detachment
B. Cataract
C. Glaucoma
D. Macular degeneration
Answer: A. Retinal detachment
Rationale: Retinal detachment can cause sudden, painless vision
loss in one eye, often accompanied by flashing lights or a curtain-
like shadow.
, 6. Case Study: A 50-year-old female presents with a history of
joint pain, morning stiffness, and swollen joints. Blood tests show
positive rheumatoid factor.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient's joint
symptoms?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Rheumatoid Arthritis
C. Gout
D. Lupus
Answer: B. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that
causes joint inflammation and is commonly associated with a
positive rheumatoid factor.
7. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a cough, fever,
and pleuritic chest pain. He has a history of smoking.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Pneumonia
B. Tuberculosis
C. Bronchitis
D. Lung cancer
Answer: A. Pneumonia
Rationale: Pneumonia is characterized by symptoms such as
cough, fever, and chest pain. Smokers are at an increased risk of
developing pneumonia.
8. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
