CCI ECHO REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
sound waves are described as what?
longitudinal and mechanical
vagal stimulation of the heart will?
decrease the SA node rate
ab, acro, epi, cyan, intra, supra, brady, peri, leuk, end, auto
away from, extremities, outer, blue, within, above/over, around/about, white, inside, self
ASD surgery is mainly considered when the QP/QS exceeds?
QP/QS> 1.5
How many lung lobes are on the left and right side?
2 left 3 right
Average speed through soft tissue, bone, and air
1540 m/s, 3500m/s, 330 m/s
Describe the myocardium
middle part, thickest part, muscle layer of the heart
athro, cardio, hemo, neuro, rhin, thromb, viscer, myco, laparo, path
joint, heart, blood, nerve, nose, clot, organ, fungus, abdomen, disease
frequency of the ultrasound? frequency of infrasound?
>20,000 Hz, <20Hz
The RV is approximately how many times thinner than the LV
3 times thinner
What is specular reflector? What is non specular reflector?
Specular: large smooth structure (diaphragm)
Non-specular: small reflector (RBC)
What is the best view for determining patent Foramen Ovale?
Subcostal 4 chamber
algia, centisis, desis, ectomy, itis, ostomy, plasy, oma, scopy, megaly
pain, surgical puncture, surgical union, removal, inflammation, opening into, surgical
repair, tumor, view, enlargement
Name the two major types of harmonic imaging?
tissue and contrast
What are these measurements of? mm, cc, cm squared
distance, volume, area
What is the name of the valve by the IVC
Eustachian valve
How many elements does a CW transducer need to operate?
two- one sending, one receiving
What is a common murmur heard with mitral valve prolapse
mid systolic click
kilo, giga, mega
1000, billion, million
can you describe the endocardium?
,innermost layer
What abnormality is often associated with a high pitched friction rub murmur?
percarditis
What is collateral circulation?
network of tiny blood vessels, under normal circumstances not open. May become
enlarged and active with arteries that become blocked
What is dampening material used for in a transducer? How does dampening
influence the bandwidth and Q-factor?
Dampening material is places behind the element to reduce the number of cycles in
each pulse. This also increases the bandwidth and decreases the Q-factor
How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
F to C: -32 and multiply 5/9
C to F: multiply 9/5 and add 32
What is a common murmur heard in patients with constrictive pericarditis?
pericardial knock
What is the Doppler effect?
What is the Doppler shift?
Effect: Change in frequency of sound relative to movement of the source.
Shift: Is the difference between the transmitted and received frequency.
A patient with a PDA may have what type of murmur?
Continuous murmur
Can aliasing occur with normal blood flow using color flow Doppler?
yes, high velocities can alias
True/False
A mobile mass typically moves into the left atrium during systole and moves to
the left ventricle during diastole?
true
What factor involving the wavelength and frequency will improve axial
resolution?
increasing the frequency will decrease the wavelength and improve axial resolution.
List two common findings in a patient with the connective tissue disorder
Marfans syndrome. What valvular jet is often observed?
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic dilation/dissection
MR & AI
3 main arteries arise from the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic, Left common carotid, and left subclavian
What are 3 common sense principles of transporting patients?
1. always get adequate assistance when needed
2. Use lower body always
3. moving an ambulatory patient from wheelchair: bend knees, put your foot in between
patients legs, and lift using your legs not your back
What is axial resolution? and What is lateral resolution?
Axial: resolve two closely spaced structures that are parallel
Lateral: structures that are perpendicular to the beam
How do your transport patients involving wheelchairs?
,Lock big wheels using the wheel locks. The foot rests must be moved aside or removed
completely
to prevent tripping. Back into the elevator so you can make a quick and safe exit.
Ultrasound bio effects are not confirmed below what number?
100 mW/cm2 SPTA (Spatial Peak Temporal average)
What is the disease also known as "Aortic arch
syndrome" that occurs more in women in Asia and
Africa?
Takayasu's arteritis (also known as "Aortic arch syndrome," and "Pulseless disease") is
an inflammatory disease with an unknown cause. It affects the aorta, the main blood
vessels that attach to it. Inflammation of the aorta and major derivative branches. This
inflammation leads to
arterial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms.
What is the purpose of Isometric exercises
like the hand grip?
Isometric exercises can also be used at the bedside to differentiate various heart
murmurs; the murmur of mitral regurgitation gets louder as compared to the quieter
murmur of aortic stenosis.
What are the three main methods of oxygen administration used in a medical
setting?
Nasal cannula, Nasal Prongs, Tent.
What are the three planes that are used to
describe the body in relation to anatomic
structures? What direction will correlate with
these four anatomical structures listed?
Dorsal, ventral, cranial, caudal?
Coronal plane separates front and back of the body. Transverse plane divides upper
and lower
body. Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left sides. Dorsal= Posterior,
Ventral=Anterior,
Cranial=Superior, Caudal=Inferior.
What is stable cavitation? What is transient cavitation?
Expansion and contraction of micro bubbles which may cause tissue damage. Stable is
the safe
cavitation. Transient is a more violent form which is bad.
What is the most common mechanical prosthetic valve?
St.Jude(bi-leaflet tilting disc). The design (using two disks, a hinge mechanism, and a
low profile)
was found to be very durable when constructed of an appropriate material (usually
carbon pyrolite)
and has enjoyed low thrombogenicity and superior hemodynamics. Of the half-dozen or
so
varieties of the bileaflet valve, the St. Jude prosthesis has been used most often in
mitral and aortic
valve replacements. Of the three varieties of the St. Jude prostheses, all are
constructed of carbon
, pyrolite, and have recently been fitted with a circular metallic ring below the polyester
sewing ring
for aid in x-ray visibility.
What are the precordial leads? What is the location of the electrode placement of
the precordial
leads?
Precordial views V1-V6 (Chest views) make
up a cross section view of the heart in a
transverse horizontal plane.
V1 - fourth intercostal, right sternal border.
V2 - fourth intercostal, left sternal border.
V3 - equal distance between V2 and V4.
V4 - fifth intercostal, left mid clavicular line.
V5 - anterior axillary line, same level with
V4.
V6 - mid axillary line, same level with V4
and V5
What is TGC and what does it do?
Time Gain Compensation. It helps to compensate for attenuation of the sound waves.
What system is the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, thymus gland and
gallbladder part of?
The Digestive system
What type of valves is the Hancock? What type of valve is the Ionescu-Shiley?
They are both bioprosthetic valves. Hancock-most commonly from the pig, Ione-from
the cow.
According to Ohm's law, resistance is the product of voltage
divided by:
a. Ergs
b. Watts
c. Power
d. Current
e. Ohms
d. Current, The law stating that the direct current flowing in a conductor is directly
proportional to
the potential difference between its ends. It is usually formulated as
V = IR, where V is the potential difference, or voltage, I is the current, and R is the
resistance of
the conductor.
Also: R= V / I
What % of accuracy is a standard TM? What
% HR is usually achieved to maintain this
accuracy? What does a TM show? What is
monitored during the TM? How many three
minute stages of the standard BRUCE
protocol are there?
COMPLETE SOLUTION
sound waves are described as what?
longitudinal and mechanical
vagal stimulation of the heart will?
decrease the SA node rate
ab, acro, epi, cyan, intra, supra, brady, peri, leuk, end, auto
away from, extremities, outer, blue, within, above/over, around/about, white, inside, self
ASD surgery is mainly considered when the QP/QS exceeds?
QP/QS> 1.5
How many lung lobes are on the left and right side?
2 left 3 right
Average speed through soft tissue, bone, and air
1540 m/s, 3500m/s, 330 m/s
Describe the myocardium
middle part, thickest part, muscle layer of the heart
athro, cardio, hemo, neuro, rhin, thromb, viscer, myco, laparo, path
joint, heart, blood, nerve, nose, clot, organ, fungus, abdomen, disease
frequency of the ultrasound? frequency of infrasound?
>20,000 Hz, <20Hz
The RV is approximately how many times thinner than the LV
3 times thinner
What is specular reflector? What is non specular reflector?
Specular: large smooth structure (diaphragm)
Non-specular: small reflector (RBC)
What is the best view for determining patent Foramen Ovale?
Subcostal 4 chamber
algia, centisis, desis, ectomy, itis, ostomy, plasy, oma, scopy, megaly
pain, surgical puncture, surgical union, removal, inflammation, opening into, surgical
repair, tumor, view, enlargement
Name the two major types of harmonic imaging?
tissue and contrast
What are these measurements of? mm, cc, cm squared
distance, volume, area
What is the name of the valve by the IVC
Eustachian valve
How many elements does a CW transducer need to operate?
two- one sending, one receiving
What is a common murmur heard with mitral valve prolapse
mid systolic click
kilo, giga, mega
1000, billion, million
can you describe the endocardium?
,innermost layer
What abnormality is often associated with a high pitched friction rub murmur?
percarditis
What is collateral circulation?
network of tiny blood vessels, under normal circumstances not open. May become
enlarged and active with arteries that become blocked
What is dampening material used for in a transducer? How does dampening
influence the bandwidth and Q-factor?
Dampening material is places behind the element to reduce the number of cycles in
each pulse. This also increases the bandwidth and decreases the Q-factor
How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
F to C: -32 and multiply 5/9
C to F: multiply 9/5 and add 32
What is a common murmur heard in patients with constrictive pericarditis?
pericardial knock
What is the Doppler effect?
What is the Doppler shift?
Effect: Change in frequency of sound relative to movement of the source.
Shift: Is the difference between the transmitted and received frequency.
A patient with a PDA may have what type of murmur?
Continuous murmur
Can aliasing occur with normal blood flow using color flow Doppler?
yes, high velocities can alias
True/False
A mobile mass typically moves into the left atrium during systole and moves to
the left ventricle during diastole?
true
What factor involving the wavelength and frequency will improve axial
resolution?
increasing the frequency will decrease the wavelength and improve axial resolution.
List two common findings in a patient with the connective tissue disorder
Marfans syndrome. What valvular jet is often observed?
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic dilation/dissection
MR & AI
3 main arteries arise from the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic, Left common carotid, and left subclavian
What are 3 common sense principles of transporting patients?
1. always get adequate assistance when needed
2. Use lower body always
3. moving an ambulatory patient from wheelchair: bend knees, put your foot in between
patients legs, and lift using your legs not your back
What is axial resolution? and What is lateral resolution?
Axial: resolve two closely spaced structures that are parallel
Lateral: structures that are perpendicular to the beam
How do your transport patients involving wheelchairs?
,Lock big wheels using the wheel locks. The foot rests must be moved aside or removed
completely
to prevent tripping. Back into the elevator so you can make a quick and safe exit.
Ultrasound bio effects are not confirmed below what number?
100 mW/cm2 SPTA (Spatial Peak Temporal average)
What is the disease also known as "Aortic arch
syndrome" that occurs more in women in Asia and
Africa?
Takayasu's arteritis (also known as "Aortic arch syndrome," and "Pulseless disease") is
an inflammatory disease with an unknown cause. It affects the aorta, the main blood
vessels that attach to it. Inflammation of the aorta and major derivative branches. This
inflammation leads to
arterial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms.
What is the purpose of Isometric exercises
like the hand grip?
Isometric exercises can also be used at the bedside to differentiate various heart
murmurs; the murmur of mitral regurgitation gets louder as compared to the quieter
murmur of aortic stenosis.
What are the three main methods of oxygen administration used in a medical
setting?
Nasal cannula, Nasal Prongs, Tent.
What are the three planes that are used to
describe the body in relation to anatomic
structures? What direction will correlate with
these four anatomical structures listed?
Dorsal, ventral, cranial, caudal?
Coronal plane separates front and back of the body. Transverse plane divides upper
and lower
body. Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left sides. Dorsal= Posterior,
Ventral=Anterior,
Cranial=Superior, Caudal=Inferior.
What is stable cavitation? What is transient cavitation?
Expansion and contraction of micro bubbles which may cause tissue damage. Stable is
the safe
cavitation. Transient is a more violent form which is bad.
What is the most common mechanical prosthetic valve?
St.Jude(bi-leaflet tilting disc). The design (using two disks, a hinge mechanism, and a
low profile)
was found to be very durable when constructed of an appropriate material (usually
carbon pyrolite)
and has enjoyed low thrombogenicity and superior hemodynamics. Of the half-dozen or
so
varieties of the bileaflet valve, the St. Jude prosthesis has been used most often in
mitral and aortic
valve replacements. Of the three varieties of the St. Jude prostheses, all are
constructed of carbon
, pyrolite, and have recently been fitted with a circular metallic ring below the polyester
sewing ring
for aid in x-ray visibility.
What are the precordial leads? What is the location of the electrode placement of
the precordial
leads?
Precordial views V1-V6 (Chest views) make
up a cross section view of the heart in a
transverse horizontal plane.
V1 - fourth intercostal, right sternal border.
V2 - fourth intercostal, left sternal border.
V3 - equal distance between V2 and V4.
V4 - fifth intercostal, left mid clavicular line.
V5 - anterior axillary line, same level with
V4.
V6 - mid axillary line, same level with V4
and V5
What is TGC and what does it do?
Time Gain Compensation. It helps to compensate for attenuation of the sound waves.
What system is the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, thymus gland and
gallbladder part of?
The Digestive system
What type of valves is the Hancock? What type of valve is the Ionescu-Shiley?
They are both bioprosthetic valves. Hancock-most commonly from the pig, Ione-from
the cow.
According to Ohm's law, resistance is the product of voltage
divided by:
a. Ergs
b. Watts
c. Power
d. Current
e. Ohms
d. Current, The law stating that the direct current flowing in a conductor is directly
proportional to
the potential difference between its ends. It is usually formulated as
V = IR, where V is the potential difference, or voltage, I is the current, and R is the
resistance of
the conductor.
Also: R= V / I
What % of accuracy is a standard TM? What
% HR is usually achieved to maintain this
accuracy? What does a TM show? What is
monitored during the TM? How many three
minute stages of the standard BRUCE
protocol are there?
