Ontwikkelingspsychologie II
Prof. Dr. Van den Broeck
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Intelligentie.......................................................................................................................5
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................5
Wat is intelligentie?............................................................................................................................5
Korte geschiedenis van het begrip ‘intelligentie’................................................................................6
Hedendaags intelligentie-onderzoek..................................................................................................8
Hoe intelligentie testen?................................................................................................................8
Structuur van analytische intelligentie.........................................................................................12
Wat zijn de gevolgen van intelligentieverschillen?.......................................................................18
Relatie met schoolse leren........................................................................................................18
Relatie met tewerkstelling en sociale klasse.............................................................................19
Relatie met gezondheid en mortaliteit.....................................................................................20
Andere gevolgen van intelligentieverschillen...........................................................................21
Voor- en nadelen van hoge intelligentie...................................................................................22
Biologische achtergronden van intelligentie (genen en brein).....................................................23
Evolutie en intelligentie............................................................................................................23
Erfelijkheid van intelligentie.....................................................................................................24
Omgevingsinvloeden op intelligentie.......................................................................................25
Genen – omgevingsinteracties..................................................................................................26
IQ-genen?.................................................................................................................................26
Intelligentie in het brein...........................................................................................................27
Kan intelligentie verbeterd worden?............................................................................................28
Beïnvloedbaarheid van intelligentie.........................................................................................28
Effecten van scholing................................................................................................................28
Maatschappelijke vraagstukken: gelijkheid..................................................................................29
1
, Waarom is IQ controversieel?..................................................................................................29
Sociale mobiliteit......................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 2: Attachment.....................................................................................................................31
Hechtingstheorieën..........................................................................................................................31
Psychoanalytische benadering......................................................................................................31
Ethologische benadering..............................................................................................................32
Belangrijke figuren....................................................................................................................32
Uitgangspunten van attachment theorie van Bowlby...............................................................33
Fasen in de hechting volgens Bowlby.......................................................................................33
Scheidingsangst of separatieangst............................................................................................34
Veilige basis en veilige haven....................................................................................................35
Strange situation procedure (SSP) van Mary Ainsworth...........................................................35
Attachment Q-Sort (AQS)..........................................................................................................36
California Attachment Procedure (CAP)....................................................................................37
Stabiliteit van de hechting........................................................................................................38
Gevolgen van hechtingstype.....................................................................................................38
Culturele verschillen met betrekking tot hechtingstype...........................................................38
Factoren die hechting beïnvloeden..........................................................................................39
Relatie tussen hechting van ouders en kinderen......................................................................40
Multiple attachments...............................................................................................................41
Vaders en attachment..............................................................................................................42
Hechting en latere ontwikkeling...............................................................................................42
Factoren die hechting beïnvloeden van kinderen in kinderopvang..........................................42
Intergenerationele transmissie van hechting...........................................................................43
Hoe wordt de ouder-kind hechting overgedragen?..................................................................43
Rol van de moeder bij hechting................................................................................................44
Transmission gap......................................................................................................................44
Hechting: What is the “nature of love”?...........................................................................................46
2
, Inleiding........................................................................................................................................46
Situationele beïnvloedbaarheid van “natuurlijke” gehechtheid...................................................47
Exclusief heterosociaal contact sterker dan sociaal instinct?...................................................47
Snelheid en flexibiliteit van heterosociale gehechtheid...........................................................48
Hetero- en objectsociale voorkeur sterker dan sociale natuur?...............................................48
Contactconditionering los van versterkingscontingenties........................................................50
Contactconditionering, autosociale en homosociale gehechtheid...........................................50
Het “mere exposure” effect..........................................................................................................51
“Preferences need no inferences”................................................................................................53
Tactiel contact..............................................................................................................................54
Visuele geborgenheid...................................................................................................................57
De kernvraag van de “nature of love”..........................................................................................58
Hoofdstuk 3: Ontwikkeling van sekseverschillen en genderrollen........................................................60
Belangrijke begrippen.......................................................................................................................60
Genderstereotypering......................................................................................................................60
Genderstereotypering van kinderen door volwassenen...............................................................60
Ontwikkeling van genderstereotypering......................................................................................61
Relatie tussen genderstereotype en genderrol............................................................................62
Invloeden op genderstereotypering en aannemen van genderrol...............................................62
Genderidentiteit...............................................................................................................................63
De ontwikkeling van de genderconstantie....................................................................................63
Genderidentiteit op lagere schoolleeftijd.....................................................................................64
Genderintensifiëring tijdens de adolescentie...............................................................................64
Genderschematheorie......................................................................................................................65
Sekseverschillen...............................................................................................................................65
Sekseverschillen in vaardigheden.................................................................................................66
Sekseverschillen in persoonlijkheidstrekken................................................................................66
Sekseverschillen in agressie..........................................................................................................67
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, Hoofdstuk 4: Morele ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................68
3 componenten van moraliteit.........................................................................................................68
Visies op morele ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................69
Biologische benadering.................................................................................................................69
Psychoanalytische en sociaal leertheoretische benadering..........................................................70
Disciplinering....................................................................................................................................70
Inductieve disciplinering...............................................................................................................70
Verschillen tussen kinderen......................................................................................................71
Modelleren...................................................................................................................................71
Straffen bij jonge kinderen...........................................................................................................71
Positieve disciplinering.................................................................................................................74
Morele ontwikkeling volgens Piaget.................................................................................................74
Morele ontwikkeling volgens Kohlberg............................................................................................76
Moreel redeneren en leeftijd.......................................................................................................78
Moreel redeneren en sekse..........................................................................................................79
Moreel redeneren over zorg.........................................................................................................79
Invloeden op morele oordelen.........................................................................................................80
Ethische zorg....................................................................................................................................80
Respect en helpen............................................................................................................................81
Huidige maatschappelijke context....................................................................................................83
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Prof. Dr. Van den Broeck
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Intelligentie.......................................................................................................................5
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................5
Wat is intelligentie?............................................................................................................................5
Korte geschiedenis van het begrip ‘intelligentie’................................................................................6
Hedendaags intelligentie-onderzoek..................................................................................................8
Hoe intelligentie testen?................................................................................................................8
Structuur van analytische intelligentie.........................................................................................12
Wat zijn de gevolgen van intelligentieverschillen?.......................................................................18
Relatie met schoolse leren........................................................................................................18
Relatie met tewerkstelling en sociale klasse.............................................................................19
Relatie met gezondheid en mortaliteit.....................................................................................20
Andere gevolgen van intelligentieverschillen...........................................................................21
Voor- en nadelen van hoge intelligentie...................................................................................22
Biologische achtergronden van intelligentie (genen en brein).....................................................23
Evolutie en intelligentie............................................................................................................23
Erfelijkheid van intelligentie.....................................................................................................24
Omgevingsinvloeden op intelligentie.......................................................................................25
Genen – omgevingsinteracties..................................................................................................26
IQ-genen?.................................................................................................................................26
Intelligentie in het brein...........................................................................................................27
Kan intelligentie verbeterd worden?............................................................................................28
Beïnvloedbaarheid van intelligentie.........................................................................................28
Effecten van scholing................................................................................................................28
Maatschappelijke vraagstukken: gelijkheid..................................................................................29
1
, Waarom is IQ controversieel?..................................................................................................29
Sociale mobiliteit......................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 2: Attachment.....................................................................................................................31
Hechtingstheorieën..........................................................................................................................31
Psychoanalytische benadering......................................................................................................31
Ethologische benadering..............................................................................................................32
Belangrijke figuren....................................................................................................................32
Uitgangspunten van attachment theorie van Bowlby...............................................................33
Fasen in de hechting volgens Bowlby.......................................................................................33
Scheidingsangst of separatieangst............................................................................................34
Veilige basis en veilige haven....................................................................................................35
Strange situation procedure (SSP) van Mary Ainsworth...........................................................35
Attachment Q-Sort (AQS)..........................................................................................................36
California Attachment Procedure (CAP)....................................................................................37
Stabiliteit van de hechting........................................................................................................38
Gevolgen van hechtingstype.....................................................................................................38
Culturele verschillen met betrekking tot hechtingstype...........................................................38
Factoren die hechting beïnvloeden..........................................................................................39
Relatie tussen hechting van ouders en kinderen......................................................................40
Multiple attachments...............................................................................................................41
Vaders en attachment..............................................................................................................42
Hechting en latere ontwikkeling...............................................................................................42
Factoren die hechting beïnvloeden van kinderen in kinderopvang..........................................42
Intergenerationele transmissie van hechting...........................................................................43
Hoe wordt de ouder-kind hechting overgedragen?..................................................................43
Rol van de moeder bij hechting................................................................................................44
Transmission gap......................................................................................................................44
Hechting: What is the “nature of love”?...........................................................................................46
2
, Inleiding........................................................................................................................................46
Situationele beïnvloedbaarheid van “natuurlijke” gehechtheid...................................................47
Exclusief heterosociaal contact sterker dan sociaal instinct?...................................................47
Snelheid en flexibiliteit van heterosociale gehechtheid...........................................................48
Hetero- en objectsociale voorkeur sterker dan sociale natuur?...............................................48
Contactconditionering los van versterkingscontingenties........................................................50
Contactconditionering, autosociale en homosociale gehechtheid...........................................50
Het “mere exposure” effect..........................................................................................................51
“Preferences need no inferences”................................................................................................53
Tactiel contact..............................................................................................................................54
Visuele geborgenheid...................................................................................................................57
De kernvraag van de “nature of love”..........................................................................................58
Hoofdstuk 3: Ontwikkeling van sekseverschillen en genderrollen........................................................60
Belangrijke begrippen.......................................................................................................................60
Genderstereotypering......................................................................................................................60
Genderstereotypering van kinderen door volwassenen...............................................................60
Ontwikkeling van genderstereotypering......................................................................................61
Relatie tussen genderstereotype en genderrol............................................................................62
Invloeden op genderstereotypering en aannemen van genderrol...............................................62
Genderidentiteit...............................................................................................................................63
De ontwikkeling van de genderconstantie....................................................................................63
Genderidentiteit op lagere schoolleeftijd.....................................................................................64
Genderintensifiëring tijdens de adolescentie...............................................................................64
Genderschematheorie......................................................................................................................65
Sekseverschillen...............................................................................................................................65
Sekseverschillen in vaardigheden.................................................................................................66
Sekseverschillen in persoonlijkheidstrekken................................................................................66
Sekseverschillen in agressie..........................................................................................................67
3
, Hoofdstuk 4: Morele ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................68
3 componenten van moraliteit.........................................................................................................68
Visies op morele ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................69
Biologische benadering.................................................................................................................69
Psychoanalytische en sociaal leertheoretische benadering..........................................................70
Disciplinering....................................................................................................................................70
Inductieve disciplinering...............................................................................................................70
Verschillen tussen kinderen......................................................................................................71
Modelleren...................................................................................................................................71
Straffen bij jonge kinderen...........................................................................................................71
Positieve disciplinering.................................................................................................................74
Morele ontwikkeling volgens Piaget.................................................................................................74
Morele ontwikkeling volgens Kohlberg............................................................................................76
Moreel redeneren en leeftijd.......................................................................................................78
Moreel redeneren en sekse..........................................................................................................79
Moreel redeneren over zorg.........................................................................................................79
Invloeden op morele oordelen.........................................................................................................80
Ethische zorg....................................................................................................................................80
Respect en helpen............................................................................................................................81
Huidige maatschappelijke context....................................................................................................83
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