Samenvatting Internationaal Publiekrecht
2024 - 2025
Inhoudstafel
Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................7
Wat is internationaal (publiek)recht? ....................................................................................7
Normen ...........................................................................................................................7
Processen ........................................................................................................................7
Discours ..........................................................................................................................7
Techniek ..........................................................................................................................7
Het vak ................................................................................................................................7
De leerstof .......................................................................................................................7
De doelstellingen .............................................................................................................8
Het verhaal ......................................................................................................................8
Achtergrond .....................................................................................................................8
Bronnen van het internationaal recht........................................................................................8
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................8
Algemeen.........................................................................................................................8
Hiërarchie ........................................................................................................................9
Gewoonte............................................................................................................................9
Constitutieve bestanddelen ..............................................................................................9
Praktijk.............................................................................................................................9
Opinio juris ......................................................................................................................9
Tegenstelbaarheid .......................................................................................................... 10
Codificatie ..................................................................................................................... 11
Algemene rechtsbeginselen ............................................................................................... 11
Beginsel van goede trouw ............................................................................................... 12
Beginsel van het verbod op rechtsmisbruik ...................................................................... 12
Beginsel van redelijkheid ................................................................................................ 12
Estoppelbeginsel............................................................................................................ 13
Beginsel van nemo auditur .............................................................................................. 13
Beginselen in het procesrecht ......................................................................................... 13
Verdragen .......................................................................................................................... 13
Twee Weense Verdragenrechtconventies (tussen Staten en met internationale organisaties)
...................................................................................................................................... 14
1
, Grotendeels codificatie .................................................................................................. 14
Toepassingsgebied: art. 1 en 3 ........................................................................................ 14
Sluiten en inwerkingtreding ............................................................................................. 14
Voorbehouden en interpretatieve verklaringen ................................................................. 15
Naleving, toepassing en interpretatie .............................................................................. 16
Verdragen en derde staten .............................................................................................. 18
Amendering van verdragen tussen enkele partijen (art. 41 WVV) ....................................... 18
Ongeldigheid en beëindiging ........................................................................................... 18
Eenzijdige rechtshandelingen ............................................................................................. 19
ITLOS, COSIS Advisory Opinion ....................................................................................... 19
ILC Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of States ............................... 20
IGH, Nuclear Test Cases ................................................................................................. 21
IGH, Access to the Pacific Ocean, §147 ........................................................................... 21
IGH, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Rwanda) (New Application,
2002) ............................................................................................................................. 21
Handelingen van internationale organisaties ....................................................................... 22
Tussen afgeleid verdragsrecht, eenzijdige rechtshandelingen en gewoonterecht ............... 22
Soft Law ............................................................................................................................ 22
US State Department, Guidance on Non-Binding Documents .......................................... 22
Soft is niet ineffectief ...................................................................................................... 23
Vergelijk “soft” recht om de effectiviteit van hard recht te vergroten: IAO indicatoren van
dwangarbeid .................................................................................................................. 23
Verhouding tussen internationaal en intern recht ................................................................ 23
Optiek van het internationaal recht ................................................................................. 23
Optiek van het intern recht .............................................................................................. 23
Subjecten ............................................................................................................................. 24
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................... 24
Wat? .............................................................................................................................. 24
Wie? .............................................................................................................................. 24
De Staat ............................................................................................................................ 24
Constitutieve bestanddelen ............................................................................................ 24
Kleine eilandstaten ......................................................................................................... 24
Feitenkwestie of rechtskwestie? ..................................................................................... 24
Erkenning ....................................................................................................................... 25
Functioneel: staat voor de behoefte van… ....................................................................... 25
Palestina ........................................................................................................................ 25
2
, Dekolonisatie ................................................................................................................. 26
Ius cogens ..................................................................................................................... 27
Statenopvolging ............................................................................................................. 27
Soevereiniteit ................................................................................................................. 27
Internationale organisaties ................................................................................................. 29
Definitie ......................................................................................................................... 29
Van Wereldorganisatie tot ‘special purpose vehicle’ ......................................................... 29
Impliciete bevoegdheden ............................................................................................... 29
Delegatie en controle ..................................................................................................... 30
Verantwoordelijkheid ...................................................................................................... 30
Formeel en informeel ..................................................................................................... 30
Volkeren en individuen ....................................................................................................... 31
Volkeren......................................................................................................................... 31
Inheemse volkeren ......................................................................................................... 32
Mensenrechten .............................................................................................................. 32
Internationaal strafrecht ................................................................................................. 32
Niet-gouvernementele organisaties, bedrijven .................................................................... 32
Bedrijven en mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 32
Vertegenwoordiging bij internationale organisaties .......................................................... 32
Representativiteit............................................................................................................... 32
Vergelijking met het vennootschapsrecht ........................................................................ 32
Vertegenwoordiging van de Staten ................................................................................... 33
Vertegenwoordiging door de Staten ................................................................................. 33
Deelname aan besluitvormingsproces ............................................................................ 33
Promotion of a democratic and equitable international order ........................................... 33
Aansprakelijkheid .................................................................................................................. 34
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................... 34
Wat? .............................................................................................................................. 34
Staatsaansprakelijkheid ..................................................................................................... 34
Onrechtmatige gedraging................................................................................................ 34
Toerekening .................................................................................................................... 34
Schending ...................................................................................................................... 36
Verschoningsgronden ..................................................................................................... 36
Gevolgen........................................................................................................................ 38
Inroepen van aansprakelijkheid ....................................................................................... 39
Tegenmaatregelen .......................................................................................................... 39
3
, Aansprakelijkheid van internationale organisaties ............................................................... 41
Toerekenbaar aan de internationale organisatie (immuniteit) of aan de lidstaten? ............. 41
Casus: toerekening en controle .......................................................................................... 42
Casus: Israël, Palestina (jus cogens, erga omnes, en de verplichtingen van derde staten) ..... 44
IGH, … policies and practices of Israel …, advisory opinion, 2024 ..................................... 44
Declaration Judge Dire Tladi ............................................................................................ 46
A/ES-10/L.31/Rev.1 ......................................................................................................... 46
Casus: klimaatsverandering (bewijs van het causaal verband) ............................................. 48
Verzoek consultatief advies IGH ...................................................................................... 48
Schending ...................................................................................................................... 49
Causaal verband ............................................................................................................ 49
Jurisdictie en immuniteiten .................................................................................................... 51
Jurisdictie .......................................................................................................................... 51
Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 51
Afbakening ..................................................................................................................... 52
Toepassingen ................................................................................................................. 54
Immuniteiten .................................................................................................................... 61
Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 62
Staatsimmuniteit............................................................................................................ 62
Diplomatieke immuniteit ................................................................................................ 66
De triade ........................................................................................................................ 72
Internationale organisaties ............................................................................................. 72
Immuniteiten en internationale misdaden ....................................................................... 75
Regeling van geschillen.......................................................................................................... 77
“Vreedzame” regeling van geschillen .................................................................................. 77
Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 77
Niet-jurisdictionele regeling ............................................................................................... 78
Onderhandelingen en tussenkomst van derden ............................................................... 78
De Verenigde Naties ....................................................................................................... 78
Fact-finding.................................................................................................................... 79
Jurisdictionele regeling ....................................................................................................... 79
Functie .......................................................................................................................... 79
Aard van internationale rechtbanken ............................................................................... 80
Fundamentele voorwaarde: instemming ......................................................................... 80
Arbitrage ........................................................................................................................ 80
Internationaal Gerechtshof ............................................................................................. 80
4
2024 - 2025
Inhoudstafel
Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................7
Wat is internationaal (publiek)recht? ....................................................................................7
Normen ...........................................................................................................................7
Processen ........................................................................................................................7
Discours ..........................................................................................................................7
Techniek ..........................................................................................................................7
Het vak ................................................................................................................................7
De leerstof .......................................................................................................................7
De doelstellingen .............................................................................................................8
Het verhaal ......................................................................................................................8
Achtergrond .....................................................................................................................8
Bronnen van het internationaal recht........................................................................................8
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................8
Algemeen.........................................................................................................................8
Hiërarchie ........................................................................................................................9
Gewoonte............................................................................................................................9
Constitutieve bestanddelen ..............................................................................................9
Praktijk.............................................................................................................................9
Opinio juris ......................................................................................................................9
Tegenstelbaarheid .......................................................................................................... 10
Codificatie ..................................................................................................................... 11
Algemene rechtsbeginselen ............................................................................................... 11
Beginsel van goede trouw ............................................................................................... 12
Beginsel van het verbod op rechtsmisbruik ...................................................................... 12
Beginsel van redelijkheid ................................................................................................ 12
Estoppelbeginsel............................................................................................................ 13
Beginsel van nemo auditur .............................................................................................. 13
Beginselen in het procesrecht ......................................................................................... 13
Verdragen .......................................................................................................................... 13
Twee Weense Verdragenrechtconventies (tussen Staten en met internationale organisaties)
...................................................................................................................................... 14
1
, Grotendeels codificatie .................................................................................................. 14
Toepassingsgebied: art. 1 en 3 ........................................................................................ 14
Sluiten en inwerkingtreding ............................................................................................. 14
Voorbehouden en interpretatieve verklaringen ................................................................. 15
Naleving, toepassing en interpretatie .............................................................................. 16
Verdragen en derde staten .............................................................................................. 18
Amendering van verdragen tussen enkele partijen (art. 41 WVV) ....................................... 18
Ongeldigheid en beëindiging ........................................................................................... 18
Eenzijdige rechtshandelingen ............................................................................................. 19
ITLOS, COSIS Advisory Opinion ....................................................................................... 19
ILC Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of States ............................... 20
IGH, Nuclear Test Cases ................................................................................................. 21
IGH, Access to the Pacific Ocean, §147 ........................................................................... 21
IGH, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Rwanda) (New Application,
2002) ............................................................................................................................. 21
Handelingen van internationale organisaties ....................................................................... 22
Tussen afgeleid verdragsrecht, eenzijdige rechtshandelingen en gewoonterecht ............... 22
Soft Law ............................................................................................................................ 22
US State Department, Guidance on Non-Binding Documents .......................................... 22
Soft is niet ineffectief ...................................................................................................... 23
Vergelijk “soft” recht om de effectiviteit van hard recht te vergroten: IAO indicatoren van
dwangarbeid .................................................................................................................. 23
Verhouding tussen internationaal en intern recht ................................................................ 23
Optiek van het internationaal recht ................................................................................. 23
Optiek van het intern recht .............................................................................................. 23
Subjecten ............................................................................................................................. 24
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................... 24
Wat? .............................................................................................................................. 24
Wie? .............................................................................................................................. 24
De Staat ............................................................................................................................ 24
Constitutieve bestanddelen ............................................................................................ 24
Kleine eilandstaten ......................................................................................................... 24
Feitenkwestie of rechtskwestie? ..................................................................................... 24
Erkenning ....................................................................................................................... 25
Functioneel: staat voor de behoefte van… ....................................................................... 25
Palestina ........................................................................................................................ 25
2
, Dekolonisatie ................................................................................................................. 26
Ius cogens ..................................................................................................................... 27
Statenopvolging ............................................................................................................. 27
Soevereiniteit ................................................................................................................. 27
Internationale organisaties ................................................................................................. 29
Definitie ......................................................................................................................... 29
Van Wereldorganisatie tot ‘special purpose vehicle’ ......................................................... 29
Impliciete bevoegdheden ............................................................................................... 29
Delegatie en controle ..................................................................................................... 30
Verantwoordelijkheid ...................................................................................................... 30
Formeel en informeel ..................................................................................................... 30
Volkeren en individuen ....................................................................................................... 31
Volkeren......................................................................................................................... 31
Inheemse volkeren ......................................................................................................... 32
Mensenrechten .............................................................................................................. 32
Internationaal strafrecht ................................................................................................. 32
Niet-gouvernementele organisaties, bedrijven .................................................................... 32
Bedrijven en mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 32
Vertegenwoordiging bij internationale organisaties .......................................................... 32
Representativiteit............................................................................................................... 32
Vergelijking met het vennootschapsrecht ........................................................................ 32
Vertegenwoordiging van de Staten ................................................................................... 33
Vertegenwoordiging door de Staten ................................................................................. 33
Deelname aan besluitvormingsproces ............................................................................ 33
Promotion of a democratic and equitable international order ........................................... 33
Aansprakelijkheid .................................................................................................................. 34
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................... 34
Wat? .............................................................................................................................. 34
Staatsaansprakelijkheid ..................................................................................................... 34
Onrechtmatige gedraging................................................................................................ 34
Toerekening .................................................................................................................... 34
Schending ...................................................................................................................... 36
Verschoningsgronden ..................................................................................................... 36
Gevolgen........................................................................................................................ 38
Inroepen van aansprakelijkheid ....................................................................................... 39
Tegenmaatregelen .......................................................................................................... 39
3
, Aansprakelijkheid van internationale organisaties ............................................................... 41
Toerekenbaar aan de internationale organisatie (immuniteit) of aan de lidstaten? ............. 41
Casus: toerekening en controle .......................................................................................... 42
Casus: Israël, Palestina (jus cogens, erga omnes, en de verplichtingen van derde staten) ..... 44
IGH, … policies and practices of Israel …, advisory opinion, 2024 ..................................... 44
Declaration Judge Dire Tladi ............................................................................................ 46
A/ES-10/L.31/Rev.1 ......................................................................................................... 46
Casus: klimaatsverandering (bewijs van het causaal verband) ............................................. 48
Verzoek consultatief advies IGH ...................................................................................... 48
Schending ...................................................................................................................... 49
Causaal verband ............................................................................................................ 49
Jurisdictie en immuniteiten .................................................................................................... 51
Jurisdictie .......................................................................................................................... 51
Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 51
Afbakening ..................................................................................................................... 52
Toepassingen ................................................................................................................. 54
Immuniteiten .................................................................................................................... 61
Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 62
Staatsimmuniteit............................................................................................................ 62
Diplomatieke immuniteit ................................................................................................ 66
De triade ........................................................................................................................ 72
Internationale organisaties ............................................................................................. 72
Immuniteiten en internationale misdaden ....................................................................... 75
Regeling van geschillen.......................................................................................................... 77
“Vreedzame” regeling van geschillen .................................................................................. 77
Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 77
Niet-jurisdictionele regeling ............................................................................................... 78
Onderhandelingen en tussenkomst van derden ............................................................... 78
De Verenigde Naties ....................................................................................................... 78
Fact-finding.................................................................................................................... 79
Jurisdictionele regeling ....................................................................................................... 79
Functie .......................................................................................................................... 79
Aard van internationale rechtbanken ............................................................................... 80
Fundamentele voorwaarde: instemming ......................................................................... 80
Arbitrage ........................................................................................................................ 80
Internationaal Gerechtshof ............................................................................................. 80
4
