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Summary Laboratory Animal Science (LAS) (core module)

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Cours
Laboratory Animal Science (2075FBDBMW)

Établissement
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)

The LAS Core Module, taught by Chris Van Ginneken and Debby Van Dam, covers everything about working with lab animals, including welfare, legislation, experimental design, anesthesia, and humane endpoints, ... This summary includes ALL chapters based on the slides and extra notes from the lectures...

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Publié le 19 février 2025
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Écrit en 2023/2024
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‭H1 : HISTORY -‬‭LAB‬‭ANIMALS‬‭IN‬‭FLANDERS‬
‭1.1 LABORATORY ANIMALS‬

‭1.1.1 PREHISTORICAL TIMES‬

‭Aristotle (384-322 BC)‬‭→ most famous‬
‭●‬ ‭Made categories:‬‭Scala naturae‬
‭○‬ ‭Stair like approach‬
‭○‬ ‭Divided what he saw around him into different layers ased on complexity‬
‭○‬ ‭Ranked all other material in respect to what he was as a human being‬
‭= introduction to the thinking of higher and lower beings.‬

‭Plutarchus (46-120)‬‭(Teacher of Pythagoras)‬
‭●‬ ‭I nvolve animals in ethical considerations‬
‭●‬ ‭Was a vegetarian → believed that animals and humans are equal‬
‭●‬ ‭Said there was no ranking‬

‭Galenus (129-216)‬
‭●‬ ‭Vivisection and dissectblooion of pigs‬
‭○‬ ‭Wanted to investigate the anatomy and physiology‬
‭○‬ ‭Look at the resemblance between humans‬
‭●‬ ‭There was a taboo on using human bodies‬
‭○‬ ‭Uses monkeys and pigs as proxy for the human body‬
‭○‬ ‭They were conscious :al and investigate how intestines work,..‬
‭●‬ ‭His knowledge prevailed until 17th century‬

‭1.1.2 MIDDLE AGES‬‭HOUSING‬

‭During the middlegroup ages‬‭Christianity‬‭really prevailed‬
‭➔‬ ‭They adopted the‬‭natural order‬
‭➔‬ ‭But they added a next step = angels, saints and God on the highest level.SC‬
‭●‬ ‭Natural order added with Angels and God‬
‭●‬ ‭Forsake animal instincts‬
‭○‬ ‭Animal instinct = considered not good‬
‭○‬ ‭You should not resemble an animal, but god‬

‭People should try to resemble god‬
‭➔‬ ‭They are put closer to God than animal‬
‭➔‬ ‭Larger distinction between human and animals‬
‭➔‬ ‭Animals served human, you could do anything you want with them‬

‭No real progress‬
‭●‬ ‭Disease = a curse‬
‭●‬ ‭Cure = faith‬

‭1‬

,‭1.1.3 RENAISSANCE (14-16TH CENTURY)‬

‭Renaissance (14-16th century)‬
‭=‬‭Revival and critical view on the Ancient times‬

‭●‬ ‭Vesalius (1514-1564)‬
‭○‬ ‭Corrected Aristotle and Galenus → used human bodies for dissections‬
‭○‬ ‭Corrected mistakes deduced from dissection pigs & monkeys‬
‭-‬ ‭We are not the same as animals‬
‭-‬ ‭Creates a distance between humans and animals‬
‭●‬ ‭Van Leeuwen‬
‭○‬ ‭I nvention of the microscope‬

‭Results‬‭:‬
‭●‬ ‭A different view on the position of humans‬
‭●‬ ‭The birth of a more scientific approach : u cannot base your principle on 1 observation‬

‭1.1.4 AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT‬

‭Descartes (1596-1650)‬
‭●‬ ‭Theory of‬‭i nnate knowledge‬‭: all humans were born with‬‭knowledge through the higher power of God‬
‭○‬ ‭Combated by philosopher John Locke (1632–1704), an empiricist‬
‭○‬ ‭His reasoning : all knowledge is acquired through experience‬

‭●‬ ‭‘Je pense donc je suis’‬‭→ Importance of ‘reasoning’‬
‭○‬ ‭I n case you can think, talk, express... → makes the subject important‬
‭○‬ ‭Animals cannot express what they think → cannot talk, think, …‬
‭-‬ ‭They are machines (automata)‬
‭-‬ ‭So we can use them for what we want‬

‭Halen‬
‭●‬ ‭Measured blood pressure in 1748‬
‭○‬ ‭Measured how high the blood has risen in the tube‬
‭●‬ ‭Animal experiments on conscious animals‬
‭●‬ ‭They saw the horse as a thing you could do experiment on, like a car‬

‭2‬

,‭I NDUSTRIALIZATION‬
‭⇒ Industrialization = people are replaced by machines‬
‭⇒ Less contact with animals, so less feeling of animal welfare‬

‭ ogarth (1751)‬
H
‭=‬‭Four stages of Cruelty‬‭- story of Tom Nero’s live‬
‭= Aim of story : If you are cruel to animals, you will be a criminal later on‬

‭1)‬ ‭Nero as a child is playing with small animals‬
‭●‬ ‭Lot of cruelty → poking, shooting‬

‭2)‬ ‭Nero grew older and became a driver of a carriage‬
‭●‬ ‭Carriage was broken → blamed the horse → beat horse‬
‭●‬ ‭Cruelty on larger animal‬

‭3)‬ ‭Nero had a girlfriend‬
‭●‬ ‭Asked gf to steal jewelry → wanted to keep it → kills gf‬
‭●‬ ‭No respect for animal lifes and human lifes‬

‭4)‬ ‭Payback time‬
‭●‬ ‭He was taken by police → sentenced to death‬
‭●‬ ‭Al cruelty he did to animals and human were done on him‬

‭Kant (1724-1804)‬
‭●‬ ‭= Deontology‬
‭●‬ ‭Duties based on reasoning and not considering the outcome or consequences‬
‭○‬ ‭Because we can reason, we have responsibility for others that can not reason‬
‭○‬ ‭We need to take care of them‬

‭●‬ ‭Categorical imperative‬
‭○‬ ‭Universal (for all and under all circumstances)‬
‭○‬ ‭Treat human(ity) as a goal, never as a means‬

‭●‬ ‭Only (hu)man‬
‭○‬ ‭The ‘reasoning’ is the key that decides what has dignity and what not‬
‭-‬ ‭I f there is no dignity or intrinsic value … it may be used (the categorical imperative‬
‭only applies to those having dignity)‬

T‭ om Regan‬‭(see later) → animal right activist‬
‭→ based on the reasoning of Kant‬
‭→ We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals‬

‭3‬

, ‭Bentham (1748-1832) and Mill‬
‭●‬ ‭Utilism‬
‭○‬ ‭Prevailing view of happiness‬
‭○‬ ‭We want to make as much people happy (sick people that need research)‬
‭○‬ ‭But we want to have as low as possible suffering (from lab animals)‬
‭○‬ ‭Harm benefit analysis‬‭→ to minimize suffering‬
‭○‬
‭●‬ ‭They did not believe that Descartes was right‬
‭●‬
‭●‬ ‭Sentient beings‬
‭○‬ ‭‘The question is not Can they reason, nor Can they talk, but Can they suffer …’‬
‭○‬ ‭Sentient beings are beings that can suffer → need to be taken into consideration‬
‭○‬
‭●‬ ‭Greatest happiness principle – utilism (utilitarisme)‬
‭○‬ ‭Reasoning is less important than happiness‬
‭○‬ ‭Considers the consequences of actions (<-> Kant)‬
‭○‬
‭●‬ ‭Calculus‬
‭○‬ ‭Everybody to count for one, nobody to count for more than one.‬
‭○‬
‭●‬ ‭Agrees to the use of animals as long as the suffering is exceeded by the benefit for man‬

‭4‬

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