UNMC Patho 2 Exam 1 (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas,
Carcinogenesis, Renal): Questions & Tailored Solutions
The process of taking in and using food for growth, repair, and maintenance of
the body
includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism Right Ans -
nutrition
Inflammation Right Ans - adaptive response of the body to injury or illness
How many functions is the liver responsible for? Right Ans - about 500
lobule Right Ans - functional unit of the liver
hepatocyte Right Ans - liver cells that produce and secrete bile
bile Right Ans - stimulates peristalsis and breaks down fats in intestine
canaliculus Right Ans - channels between hepatocytes that drain bile into
the
common bile duct then into the duodenum and gall bladder
hepatic artery Right Ans - carries oxygenated blood into liver
portal vein Right Ans - carries unoxygenated blood that is high in nutrients
(from draining venous blood from all GI organs) into the liver; thus
provides energy for liver function
sinusoid Right Ans - capillaries between hepatocytes, carry blood to
hepatic vein
Kupffer cells Right Ans - line sinusoids, cells which act as macrophages to
destroy old WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria
hepatic vein Right Ans - carries blood from sinusoids to the inferior vena
cava
,metabolism of bile steps Right Ans - 1. Old erythrocytes (RBCs) break
down in bloodstream
2. Heme breakdown produces bilirubin in blood (unconjugated = fat soluble
only)
3. Bilirubin circulates through liver and is conjugated in the hepatocytes
(conjugated = water soluble only)
4. Conjugated bilirubin leaves liver (orange/yellow bile) via bile/hepatic duct
5. Excreted into duodenum, converted to urobilinogen (gives stool brown
color)
6. Excreted via feces
conjugated Right Ans - water soluble only
unconjugated Right Ans - fat soluble only
Why does bilirubin need to be conjugated? Right Ans - UNconjugated
bilirubin is fat-soluble, so would be reabsorbed in the duodenum, NOT
excreted
Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble, so it will be excreted in the feces
What lab test detects UNconjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - indirect
What lab test detects Conjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - direct
urobilinogen Right Ans - gives stool its brown color
bile contains Right Ans - water
electrolytes
bile acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
how much bile does an adult produce a day? Right Ans - 400-800mL
, Jaundice Right Ans - symptom of liver disease caused by
hyperbilirubinemia
why does skin appear yellow with jaundice? Right Ans - deposition of bile
pigment in the skin and sclera
jaundice etiologies Right Ans - any type of liver disease
gallstones
3 types of jaundice Right Ans - 1. hemolytic jaundice
2. intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
3. extrahepatic obstructive jaundice
hemolytic jaundice Right Ans - excessive lysis of RBCs
liver can't keep up with conjugating
increased unconjugated bilirubin build up in blood
intrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - hepatocellular damage, so
liver can't conjugate or excrete bilirubin
increased unconjugated bilirubin build up in blood
extrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - bile duct obstruction (such as
a gallstone) so bile cannot get through
leads to increased conjugated bilirubin to accumulate in the liver and blood
stream
hepatitis Right Ans - inflammation of the liver
what can hepatitis lead to? Right Ans - degeneration, scarring, and necrosis
of hepatocytes
hep A Right Ans - infectious
hep A onset Right Ans - acute, sudden
hep A sources of infection Right Ans - contaminated food and water, poor
sanitation
hep A mode of transmission Right Ans - fecal-oral route
Carcinogenesis, Renal): Questions & Tailored Solutions
The process of taking in and using food for growth, repair, and maintenance of
the body
includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism Right Ans -
nutrition
Inflammation Right Ans - adaptive response of the body to injury or illness
How many functions is the liver responsible for? Right Ans - about 500
lobule Right Ans - functional unit of the liver
hepatocyte Right Ans - liver cells that produce and secrete bile
bile Right Ans - stimulates peristalsis and breaks down fats in intestine
canaliculus Right Ans - channels between hepatocytes that drain bile into
the
common bile duct then into the duodenum and gall bladder
hepatic artery Right Ans - carries oxygenated blood into liver
portal vein Right Ans - carries unoxygenated blood that is high in nutrients
(from draining venous blood from all GI organs) into the liver; thus
provides energy for liver function
sinusoid Right Ans - capillaries between hepatocytes, carry blood to
hepatic vein
Kupffer cells Right Ans - line sinusoids, cells which act as macrophages to
destroy old WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria
hepatic vein Right Ans - carries blood from sinusoids to the inferior vena
cava
,metabolism of bile steps Right Ans - 1. Old erythrocytes (RBCs) break
down in bloodstream
2. Heme breakdown produces bilirubin in blood (unconjugated = fat soluble
only)
3. Bilirubin circulates through liver and is conjugated in the hepatocytes
(conjugated = water soluble only)
4. Conjugated bilirubin leaves liver (orange/yellow bile) via bile/hepatic duct
5. Excreted into duodenum, converted to urobilinogen (gives stool brown
color)
6. Excreted via feces
conjugated Right Ans - water soluble only
unconjugated Right Ans - fat soluble only
Why does bilirubin need to be conjugated? Right Ans - UNconjugated
bilirubin is fat-soluble, so would be reabsorbed in the duodenum, NOT
excreted
Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble, so it will be excreted in the feces
What lab test detects UNconjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - indirect
What lab test detects Conjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - direct
urobilinogen Right Ans - gives stool its brown color
bile contains Right Ans - water
electrolytes
bile acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
how much bile does an adult produce a day? Right Ans - 400-800mL
, Jaundice Right Ans - symptom of liver disease caused by
hyperbilirubinemia
why does skin appear yellow with jaundice? Right Ans - deposition of bile
pigment in the skin and sclera
jaundice etiologies Right Ans - any type of liver disease
gallstones
3 types of jaundice Right Ans - 1. hemolytic jaundice
2. intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
3. extrahepatic obstructive jaundice
hemolytic jaundice Right Ans - excessive lysis of RBCs
liver can't keep up with conjugating
increased unconjugated bilirubin build up in blood
intrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - hepatocellular damage, so
liver can't conjugate or excrete bilirubin
increased unconjugated bilirubin build up in blood
extrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - bile duct obstruction (such as
a gallstone) so bile cannot get through
leads to increased conjugated bilirubin to accumulate in the liver and blood
stream
hepatitis Right Ans - inflammation of the liver
what can hepatitis lead to? Right Ans - degeneration, scarring, and necrosis
of hepatocytes
hep A Right Ans - infectious
hep A onset Right Ans - acute, sudden
hep A sources of infection Right Ans - contaminated food and water, poor
sanitation
hep A mode of transmission Right Ans - fecal-oral route
