NURS 5315 FINAL EXAM | 50+ ACTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 2025| GRADED A+..

1. A patient in respiratory distress and is breathing 33 breaths per minute.
Which ABG value is consistent with the clinical scenario?
PCO2 15
pH 7.30
pH 7.45
O2 sat 100%: A patient who is breathing 33 breaths per minute is hyperventilating
and blowing off CO2; therefore the PCO2 level will be low. The patient will most likely
experience a respiratory alkalosis and the two pH values provided are not consistent
with this diagnosis.
2. A patient has a sodium level of 115 mEq/L and is disoriented and lethargic.
Which pathological process best explains this patient's symptoms?
a. The action potential has become hyperpolarized.
b. Water has shifted into the neurons and caused them to swell.
c. Water has shifted into the vascular space and dehydrated the neurons.
d. The action potential has become hypopolarized.: b. The cause of neurologic
symptoms associated with a sodium imbalance is directly related to fluid shifting
into or out of the neurons of the brain. With a serum sodium of 115 mEq/L, water
shifts into the neurons and causes them to swell. Hypernatremia causes water to
shift out of the cell into the intravascular space and causes the neurons to become
dehydrated. An alteration in the action potential is not seen with sodium imbalances.
3. A patient experiencing dehydration should be monitored for which elec-
trolyte imbalance?
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypocalcemia
c. Hypercalcemia


,d. Hyponatermia: a. Serum osmolality is increased during times of dehydration. An
elevated serum osmolality will pull potassium into the intravascular space from the
intracellular space and cause a rise in serum potassium.
4. A married couple presents to your office for genetic counseling. The hus-
band has an autosomal recessive disease and his wife has a heterozygous
genotype for the disease. They ask you, What is the chance that our baby will
have the disease? Which of the following answers is correct?
25%
50%
75%
100%: A chromosome is a package of material located inside the cell nucleus
which is made of proteins and a single molecule of DNA. There are 23 pairs of
chromosomes in each human cell for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes
are separated into two identical sets during mitosis or meiosis. This provides a set






, of chromosomes to each daughter cell which results from cell division. This process
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bis responsible for the transfer of genetic information to the daughter cells. The first
B B B B B B B B B B B B B


B22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bis the pair which contains the genetic information for gender. This pair contains
B B B B B B B B B B B B


the genetic information which delineates between the male and female genders.
B B B B B B B B B B


BFemales have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have an XY chromosome pair.
B B B B B B B B B B B B


BAutosomal chromosomes are said to be autologous. This means they do not carry
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bgenetic information pertaining to gender. Autosomal genetic diseases are carried
B B B B B B B B B


Bon the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Sex-linked diseases are only carried on
B B B B B B B B B B B B


the 23rd pair of chromosomes. The autosomal chromosomes are nearly identical
B B B B B B B B B B


Bto one another and are considered homologous to one another. Each autosomal
B B B B B B B B B B B


Bchromosome in a pair carries identical genes. These two genes are known as alleles. B B B B B B B B B B B B B


BThe alleles occupy the same site on each partner of the chromosome pair and
B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bcode for the same genetic trait or physiologic function. Alleles can be dominant or
B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Brecessive. One allele may be dominant and the other recessive, or they both may be
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bdominant or both recessive. The dominant alleles' genetic code will always manifest
B B B B B B B B B B B


Bin the individual's phenotype. The information in the recessive allele is typically
B B B B B B B B B B B


Bnot expressed in the phenotype unless both alleles are recessive. For the
B B B B B B B B B B B


Bpurpose of clarity in use, the dominant gene is assigned a capital letter and the
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Brecessive gene is assigned a lower case letter. Any letter is okay to use but make
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bsure you use the same letter for the genotype - for example, "Bb or aa." The term
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bhomozygous refers to a pair of alleles which are either both dominant or B B B B B B B B B B B B


Brecessive. For example, "BB or bb" are said to be homozygous because the
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Balleles are either both dominant or recessive. An allele pair in which one is
B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bdominant and one is recessive is said to be heterozygous. In autosomal recessive
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bdisorders both alleles on the chromosome are affected by the genetic aberration.
B B B B B B B B B B B


BIf only one recessive gene is affected by
B B B B B B B


the genetic aberration then the person is said to be a carrier and will not have the
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


phenotypic expression of the disease. The healthy, recessive allele will compensate
B B B B B B B B B B


Bfor the allele which is affected by the genetic aberration. The carrier can pass the
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Btrait but does not have the genetic disease. In an autosomal dominant disorder
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Bthe dominant gene is the only gene that has to be affected by the genetic
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Baberration in order to have the phenotypic expression of the disease. A healthy
B B B B B B B B B B B B


Brecessive allele cannot compensate for a diseased dominant allele. In order to
B B B B B B B B B B B


Banswer this question one must understand the above information and draw a
B B B B B B B B B B B


BPunnett Square. B




The husband has an autosomal recessive disease which means his genotype must
B B B B B B B B B B B


be aa. The wife has a heterozygous genotype for the disease which means her
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


genotype is Aa. The capital A reflects a healthy gene so she is merely a carrier and
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

3 B/ B22