ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE 1
Academiejaar ’23 – ‘24
,H1: INLEIDING .............................................................................................................................. 1
ONTWIKKELINGSTAKEN ........................................................................................................................... 1
PERIODES VAN ONTWIKKELING ................................................................................................................. 1
LEVENSLOOPPERSPECTIEF ...................................................................................................................... 1
RESILIENCE (VEERKRACHT) ...................................................................................................................... 2
,H2: ADOLESCENTIE ...................................................................................................................... 3
LICHAMELIJKE ONTWIKKELING .................................................................................................................. 3
Opvattingen ................................................................................................................................. 3
De fysieke transitie naar volwassenheid ........................................................................................ 4
Hormonale veranderingen ......................................................................................................................... 4
Lichaamsgroei .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Veranderingen in fysieke activiteit.............................................................................................................. 4
Seksuele rijping ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Individuele verschillen in aanvang van puberteit ......................................................................................... 5
Veranderingen slaapgewoontes................................................................................................................. 5
De psychologische impact op puberale gebeurtenissen................................................................. 5
Reacties op puberteit ................................................................................................................................ 5
Factoren die een rol spelen in reacties op timing van puberteit ................................................................... 5
De stemming van de adolescent ................................................................................................................ 6
Gevolgen van de timing van puberteit......................................................................................................... 6
Rol van fysieke aantrekkelijkheid en lichaamsbeeld tijdens adolescentie ................................................ 6
Fysieke gezondheid ...................................................................................................................... 6
Voeding in de adolescentie........................................................................................................................ 6
Seksualiteit .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Seksuele oriëntatie ............................................................................................................................... 7
Stadia van zich outen ............................................................................................................................ 7
Tienerzwangerschappen ........................................................................................................................... 7
Risico’s en uitdagingen voor tienermoeders ........................................................................................... 7
COGNITIEVE ONTWIKKELING .................................................................................................................... 8
Piaget’s theorie: formeel operationele fase ................................................................................... 8
Hypothetisch-deductief redeneren ............................................................................................................ 8
Propositioneel denken .............................................................................................................................. 8
Vervolgonderzoek op formeel operationeel denken .................................................................................... 9
Verbeterde informatieverwerking in de adolescentie: cognitieve controle en executieve functies ..... 9
Gevolgen van abstract redeneren ................................................................................................. 9
Zelfbewustzijn en focus op zichzelf ............................................................................................................ 9
Idealisme en criticisme ............................................................................................................................. 9
Planning en maken van beslissingen .........................................................................................................10
Geslachtsverschillen in mentale bekwaamheden .........................................................................10
Verbale en mathematische vaardigheden .................................................................................................10
Ruimtelijke vaardigheden .........................................................................................................................10
Biologische invloeden ..........................................................................................................................10
Ervaringsinvloeden ..............................................................................................................................11
Culturele factoren....................................................................................................................................11
Cognitief presteren en multitasking ..............................................................................................11
Invloed op cognitieve ontwikkeling............................................................................................................11
Cognitieve prestaties van heavy media multitaskers (HMM’s) ....................................................................11
Multitasking verstoort leren ......................................................................................................................11
Duale-systemenbenadering van de ontwikkeling van adolescenten ...............................................12
2 systemen ..............................................................................................................................................12
Sociaal-emotioneel (SE)-systeem.........................................................................................................12
Cognitieve controle (CC)-systeem ........................................................................................................13
Model van onevenwichtigheid in rijping (maturational imbalance model) ....................................................13
Oorzaken van de snelle rijping van het sociaal-emotionele netwerk............................................................13
Mannen en vrouwen m.b.t. het nemen van risico's tijdens de adolescentie .................................................14
Warme en koude contexten voor besluitvorming .......................................................................................14
, Empirische bewijs voor verhoogde emotionele gevoeligheid bij adolescenten ............................................14
Iowa Gambling Task.............................................................................................................................14
Emotionele Go/No-Go-taak .................................................................................................................15
Antisaccadetaak .................................................................................................................................15
Aanwezigheid van peers BEïnvloedt het risicogedrag bij adolescenten .......................................................15
Oorzaken waarom risico afneemt met de leeftijd na de adolescentie .........................................................16
Implicaties voor interventie en het sociale leven van adolescenten ............................................................16
SOCIALE-EMOTIONELE ONTWIKKELING ..................................................................................................... 17
Theorie van Erikson: identiteit vs identiteitsverwarring ...................................................................17
Identiteitsstatussen ....................................................................................................................17
Factoren die ontwikkeling van identiteit beïnvloeden .................................................................................17
Cultuur en identiteit ....................................................................................................................18
Vriendschappen .........................................................................................................................18
Kenmerken ..............................................................................................................................................18
Geslachtsverschillen ...............................................................................................................................18
Risico’s van hechte vriendschappen .........................................................................................................18
Vriendschappen, gsm’s en het internet .....................................................................................................19
Invloed van media multitasking op sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling..............................................19
Verrijkingen .............................................................................................................................................19
Uitdagingen .............................................................................................................................................19
Effecten ..................................................................................................................................................19
Risico’s van smartphone in verkeer...........................................................................................................20
Psychologische gezondheid ........................................................................................................20
Depressie ................................................................................................................................................20
Incidentie ............................................................................................................................................20
Diagnose .............................................................................................................................................20
Zelfmoord................................................................................................................................................21
Academiejaar ’23 – ‘24
,H1: INLEIDING .............................................................................................................................. 1
ONTWIKKELINGSTAKEN ........................................................................................................................... 1
PERIODES VAN ONTWIKKELING ................................................................................................................. 1
LEVENSLOOPPERSPECTIEF ...................................................................................................................... 1
RESILIENCE (VEERKRACHT) ...................................................................................................................... 2
,H2: ADOLESCENTIE ...................................................................................................................... 3
LICHAMELIJKE ONTWIKKELING .................................................................................................................. 3
Opvattingen ................................................................................................................................. 3
De fysieke transitie naar volwassenheid ........................................................................................ 4
Hormonale veranderingen ......................................................................................................................... 4
Lichaamsgroei .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Veranderingen in fysieke activiteit.............................................................................................................. 4
Seksuele rijping ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Individuele verschillen in aanvang van puberteit ......................................................................................... 5
Veranderingen slaapgewoontes................................................................................................................. 5
De psychologische impact op puberale gebeurtenissen................................................................. 5
Reacties op puberteit ................................................................................................................................ 5
Factoren die een rol spelen in reacties op timing van puberteit ................................................................... 5
De stemming van de adolescent ................................................................................................................ 6
Gevolgen van de timing van puberteit......................................................................................................... 6
Rol van fysieke aantrekkelijkheid en lichaamsbeeld tijdens adolescentie ................................................ 6
Fysieke gezondheid ...................................................................................................................... 6
Voeding in de adolescentie........................................................................................................................ 6
Seksualiteit .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Seksuele oriëntatie ............................................................................................................................... 7
Stadia van zich outen ............................................................................................................................ 7
Tienerzwangerschappen ........................................................................................................................... 7
Risico’s en uitdagingen voor tienermoeders ........................................................................................... 7
COGNITIEVE ONTWIKKELING .................................................................................................................... 8
Piaget’s theorie: formeel operationele fase ................................................................................... 8
Hypothetisch-deductief redeneren ............................................................................................................ 8
Propositioneel denken .............................................................................................................................. 8
Vervolgonderzoek op formeel operationeel denken .................................................................................... 9
Verbeterde informatieverwerking in de adolescentie: cognitieve controle en executieve functies ..... 9
Gevolgen van abstract redeneren ................................................................................................. 9
Zelfbewustzijn en focus op zichzelf ............................................................................................................ 9
Idealisme en criticisme ............................................................................................................................. 9
Planning en maken van beslissingen .........................................................................................................10
Geslachtsverschillen in mentale bekwaamheden .........................................................................10
Verbale en mathematische vaardigheden .................................................................................................10
Ruimtelijke vaardigheden .........................................................................................................................10
Biologische invloeden ..........................................................................................................................10
Ervaringsinvloeden ..............................................................................................................................11
Culturele factoren....................................................................................................................................11
Cognitief presteren en multitasking ..............................................................................................11
Invloed op cognitieve ontwikkeling............................................................................................................11
Cognitieve prestaties van heavy media multitaskers (HMM’s) ....................................................................11
Multitasking verstoort leren ......................................................................................................................11
Duale-systemenbenadering van de ontwikkeling van adolescenten ...............................................12
2 systemen ..............................................................................................................................................12
Sociaal-emotioneel (SE)-systeem.........................................................................................................12
Cognitieve controle (CC)-systeem ........................................................................................................13
Model van onevenwichtigheid in rijping (maturational imbalance model) ....................................................13
Oorzaken van de snelle rijping van het sociaal-emotionele netwerk............................................................13
Mannen en vrouwen m.b.t. het nemen van risico's tijdens de adolescentie .................................................14
Warme en koude contexten voor besluitvorming .......................................................................................14
, Empirische bewijs voor verhoogde emotionele gevoeligheid bij adolescenten ............................................14
Iowa Gambling Task.............................................................................................................................14
Emotionele Go/No-Go-taak .................................................................................................................15
Antisaccadetaak .................................................................................................................................15
Aanwezigheid van peers BEïnvloedt het risicogedrag bij adolescenten .......................................................15
Oorzaken waarom risico afneemt met de leeftijd na de adolescentie .........................................................16
Implicaties voor interventie en het sociale leven van adolescenten ............................................................16
SOCIALE-EMOTIONELE ONTWIKKELING ..................................................................................................... 17
Theorie van Erikson: identiteit vs identiteitsverwarring ...................................................................17
Identiteitsstatussen ....................................................................................................................17
Factoren die ontwikkeling van identiteit beïnvloeden .................................................................................17
Cultuur en identiteit ....................................................................................................................18
Vriendschappen .........................................................................................................................18
Kenmerken ..............................................................................................................................................18
Geslachtsverschillen ...............................................................................................................................18
Risico’s van hechte vriendschappen .........................................................................................................18
Vriendschappen, gsm’s en het internet .....................................................................................................19
Invloed van media multitasking op sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling..............................................19
Verrijkingen .............................................................................................................................................19
Uitdagingen .............................................................................................................................................19
Effecten ..................................................................................................................................................19
Risico’s van smartphone in verkeer...........................................................................................................20
Psychologische gezondheid ........................................................................................................20
Depressie ................................................................................................................................................20
Incidentie ............................................................................................................................................20
Diagnose .............................................................................................................................................20
Zelfmoord................................................................................................................................................21
