NSC 232 Exam 2 Questions and Answers
100% Pass | Rated A+
Physiology of urinary elimination - ✔✔-void, urinatinon, micturition
-volume of 250-450 ml pressure rises
-cerebral cortex is the final control
Process of micturition - ✔✔1. urine collects in bladder
2. pressure stimulates special stretch receptors in bladder wall
3. stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord voiding reflex center
4. internal sphincter relaxes, stimulating the urge to void
5. If appropriate, the conscious portion of the brain relaxes the external
urethral sphincter muscle
6. urine eliminated the urethra
Factors affecting urinary elimination - ✔✔life style factors - alcohol,
exercise, diet
psychosocial
activity/exercise
developmental factors - old, young issues
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,physiological factors - may need a device
characteristics of urine - ✔✔VOLUME-it's a #, ml or oz
-balances what they take in
COLOR, CLARITY - normal = light yellow, clarity = clean
ODOR- no distinctive smell
-poor odor - infection
-diabetic-fruity
STERILITY-urine is sterile
characteristics of urine continued - ✔✔pH - 4.5 -8.0 (acidic most in
mornings)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- (1.010 - 1.025) tells how well kidneys are
concentrating urine
GLUCOSE -shouldnt have any
KETONE BODIES- no ketones (it's the breakdown of fatty acids)
BLOOD- shouldn't have any, if there is it may be bc of infection or kidney
stones
Problems with urination (dysuria) - ✔✔dysuria- painful or difficult urination
-UTI, kidney infection
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, problems with urination (altered amount) - ✔✔oliguria - less than 30 ml in
one hour
-small amount, >500 a day
anuria - less than 100 ml in 24 hours
-without urine
polyuria- greater than 2,000 ml in 24 hours
-excessive urine
problems with urination (enuresis) - ✔✔enuresis- involuntary urination,
especially at night (common in kids)
problems with urination (urinary obstruction) - ✔✔Kidney stones
Sludge (mucous, sediment in kidneys to ureter)
Swelling
problems with urination (UTI) - ✔✔urinary tract infection
frequency, small amounts, burning, cloudy, pelvic pain (MADI LITTLE)
problems with urination (urinary incontinence) - ✔✔urinary incontinence -
loss of urine, involuntarily
-leaking, problem with the sphincter
problems with urination (retention) - ✔✔retention - when they pee but are
still retaining urine beyond that
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
100% Pass | Rated A+
Physiology of urinary elimination - ✔✔-void, urinatinon, micturition
-volume of 250-450 ml pressure rises
-cerebral cortex is the final control
Process of micturition - ✔✔1. urine collects in bladder
2. pressure stimulates special stretch receptors in bladder wall
3. stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord voiding reflex center
4. internal sphincter relaxes, stimulating the urge to void
5. If appropriate, the conscious portion of the brain relaxes the external
urethral sphincter muscle
6. urine eliminated the urethra
Factors affecting urinary elimination - ✔✔life style factors - alcohol,
exercise, diet
psychosocial
activity/exercise
developmental factors - old, young issues
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,physiological factors - may need a device
characteristics of urine - ✔✔VOLUME-it's a #, ml or oz
-balances what they take in
COLOR, CLARITY - normal = light yellow, clarity = clean
ODOR- no distinctive smell
-poor odor - infection
-diabetic-fruity
STERILITY-urine is sterile
characteristics of urine continued - ✔✔pH - 4.5 -8.0 (acidic most in
mornings)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- (1.010 - 1.025) tells how well kidneys are
concentrating urine
GLUCOSE -shouldnt have any
KETONE BODIES- no ketones (it's the breakdown of fatty acids)
BLOOD- shouldn't have any, if there is it may be bc of infection or kidney
stones
Problems with urination (dysuria) - ✔✔dysuria- painful or difficult urination
-UTI, kidney infection
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, problems with urination (altered amount) - ✔✔oliguria - less than 30 ml in
one hour
-small amount, >500 a day
anuria - less than 100 ml in 24 hours
-without urine
polyuria- greater than 2,000 ml in 24 hours
-excessive urine
problems with urination (enuresis) - ✔✔enuresis- involuntary urination,
especially at night (common in kids)
problems with urination (urinary obstruction) - ✔✔Kidney stones
Sludge (mucous, sediment in kidneys to ureter)
Swelling
problems with urination (UTI) - ✔✔urinary tract infection
frequency, small amounts, burning, cloudy, pelvic pain (MADI LITTLE)
problems with urination (urinary incontinence) - ✔✔urinary incontinence -
loss of urine, involuntarily
-leaking, problem with the sphincter
problems with urination (retention) - ✔✔retention - when they pee but are
still retaining urine beyond that
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
