Advanced pathophysiology exam 4 questions and
ANSWERs a+ graded
autoimmune - ANSWER -the exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial
cystitis (pbs/ic) is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the
inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial - ANSWER -_______ infectious cystitis includes viral,
mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal causes of the condition. Noninfectious -
ANSWER -_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
hypersensitivity causes of the condition.
urine culture, urinalysis - ANSWER -diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is
done by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and
symtpoms.
white blood cell - ANSWER -_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of
pyelonephritis,
rather than cystitis. However, these are not always present.
urea, creatinine, renal creatinine - ANSWER -reduced glomerular filtration rate
during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______
concentration, or reduced ______ clearance.
acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER -____ includes renal diseases in which
glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement
membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
, acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER -the classic symptoms of ______ include
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder
than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
3.0 - ANSWER -nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein
in the urine per day.
hypoalbuniemia - ANSWER -_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of
albumin
per day.
nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER -______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in
the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular - ANSWER -nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
Primary - ANSWER -____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change
disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
secondary - ANSWER -______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic
diseases including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
erythematosus.
true - ANSWER -true/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
25, 25-30 - ANSWER -renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to
about ___ % of normal or an egfr of ____ml/minute.
egfr - ANSWER -_____ is extremely useful in determining improvement or
decline in
kidney function.
elevated - ANSWER -levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly _____ in
acute
kidney injury.
, 50, 24 - ANSWER -changes in serum creatinine level only occur if more than
___% of glomerular filtration is lost and are often delayed more than ____ hours.
diagnostic delays - ANSWER -what prevents the implementation of early therapy
during acute kidney injury?
hyperkalemia, acidosis - ANSWER -patients with acute kidney injury are prone to
develop ______ and metabolic ______.
hyperphosphatemia - ANSWER -acute kidney injury can lead to decreased renal
phosphate excretion (aka _______).
edema - ANSWER -fluid retention causes _____ in cases of acute kidney injury.
Urinary tract infection - ANSWER -common clinical manifestations of a ________
in older adults include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - ANSWER -infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including
ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - ANSWER -____ and _____
(vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for
development of pyelonephritis.
congestive heart failure - ANSWER -symptoms of ______ develop in persons
with
cardiac disease when acute kidney injury occurs.
extracellular, decreased - ANSWER -acute kidney injury commonly results from
intracellular/extracellular volume depletion, increased/decreased renal blood flow,
or toxic and inflammatory injury to kidney cells that result in alterations in renal
function that may be minimal or severe.
prerenal - ANSWER -renal hypoperfusion is referred to as ______ acute kidney
ANSWERs a+ graded
autoimmune - ANSWER -the exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial
cystitis (pbs/ic) is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the
inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial - ANSWER -_______ infectious cystitis includes viral,
mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal causes of the condition. Noninfectious -
ANSWER -_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
hypersensitivity causes of the condition.
urine culture, urinalysis - ANSWER -diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is
done by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and
symtpoms.
white blood cell - ANSWER -_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of
pyelonephritis,
rather than cystitis. However, these are not always present.
urea, creatinine, renal creatinine - ANSWER -reduced glomerular filtration rate
during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______
concentration, or reduced ______ clearance.
acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER -____ includes renal diseases in which
glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement
membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
, acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER -the classic symptoms of ______ include
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder
than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
3.0 - ANSWER -nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein
in the urine per day.
hypoalbuniemia - ANSWER -_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of
albumin
per day.
nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER -______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in
the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular - ANSWER -nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
Primary - ANSWER -____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change
disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
secondary - ANSWER -______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic
diseases including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
erythematosus.
true - ANSWER -true/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
25, 25-30 - ANSWER -renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to
about ___ % of normal or an egfr of ____ml/minute.
egfr - ANSWER -_____ is extremely useful in determining improvement or
decline in
kidney function.
elevated - ANSWER -levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly _____ in
acute
kidney injury.
, 50, 24 - ANSWER -changes in serum creatinine level only occur if more than
___% of glomerular filtration is lost and are often delayed more than ____ hours.
diagnostic delays - ANSWER -what prevents the implementation of early therapy
during acute kidney injury?
hyperkalemia, acidosis - ANSWER -patients with acute kidney injury are prone to
develop ______ and metabolic ______.
hyperphosphatemia - ANSWER -acute kidney injury can lead to decreased renal
phosphate excretion (aka _______).
edema - ANSWER -fluid retention causes _____ in cases of acute kidney injury.
Urinary tract infection - ANSWER -common clinical manifestations of a ________
in older adults include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - ANSWER -infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including
ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - ANSWER -____ and _____
(vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for
development of pyelonephritis.
congestive heart failure - ANSWER -symptoms of ______ develop in persons
with
cardiac disease when acute kidney injury occurs.
extracellular, decreased - ANSWER -acute kidney injury commonly results from
intracellular/extracellular volume depletion, increased/decreased renal blood flow,
or toxic and inflammatory injury to kidney cells that result in alterations in renal
function that may be minimal or severe.
prerenal - ANSWER -renal hypoperfusion is referred to as ______ acute kidney
