NURS 7425 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEARNING
OBJECTIVES FOR MODULE 1A – 1B
AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY
,ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATIONS PART 1
1. Differentiate the most common viruses causing the common cold in adults and children.
Parainfluenza / RSV in children less than 6 years old. Rhinovirus is most common in ages 5 to
40.
2. Name the most common mode of transmission for the common cold.
The most common mode of transmission for the common cold would be direct contact. You
become the most contagious the first three days after the onset of symptoms.
3. Differentiated signs and symptoms of the common cold versus influenza.
Common Cold: dry, stuffy nose; profuse watery rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing;
post-nasal drip irritating the pharynx and causing sore throat; malaise, fatigue, headache,
hoarseness – typically lasts seven days (self-limited), children can have fever and it can lead to
otitis media in children
Influenza: common cold symptoms PLUS fever, aches, chills, tiredness, sudden onset – resolves
in 7 to 14 days
4. Discuss whether antibiotics are indicated in the common cold.
Antibiotics are not needed for the common cold due to the fact that antibiotics are used for
bacteria, where the common cold is viral.
5. Identify patient populations at high risk of contracting influenza.
Those with asthma or COPD, diabetes, and heart disease. Those who have had a stroke. Adults
who are 65 and older. Children who are younger than 5 (especially those that are younger than
2). Pregnant women. People with HIV / AIDS / cancer.
6. Discuss complications of influenza and rationale for the flu vaccine.
Influenza can lead to viral pneumonia (more common in elderly, those with CP disease),
worsening of chronic health problems, and bacterial infection (begin to feel better, then symptoms
appear again – fever, shaking, chills, productive cough).
The flu shot provides active immunity because you are making your own antibodies (takes about
2 weeks). The vaccine is able to protect against four strains of the flu (called a quadrivalent). The
inactivated vaccination (egg based / recombinant) is given to those 6 months old to 64 years old.
If you are 65+ you get a higher dose of the flu shot. The live (attenuated) vaccination is given to
those 2 to 49 years old.
7. Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of pneumonia (include the most
common pathogens).
Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection (acute infection / inflammation of the parenchymal
lung tissue). The inflammatory response triggers the release of cytokines which damages the AC
,33
, membrane and pulls water into the alveoli (called “exudate”). It consists of infected debris and
WBC. It can be caused by infectious and non-infectious agents (viral = flu/RSV or bacterial,
fungal, aspiration). Typical pneumonia is bacterial (S. pneumonia, H. flu, S. aureus). Atypical
(interstitial) pneumonia is viral or fungal (mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia).
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include fever and chills, malaise, dyspnea, cough (bacterial –
productive, viral – nonproductive), sputum (clear/watery in early stages; rust, blood-tinged later
on), pleuritic chest pain, and rales (crackles).
8. Differentiated between community acquired and healthcare acquired pneumonia.
Community acquired pneumonia onsets in the community or within 48 hours of
hospitalization (and has not resided in a long term care facility for ≥ 14 days before
admission).
Hospital acquired pneumonia is 48+ hours after hospitalization or procedure.
9. Explain the rationale of why healthcare workers are required to get TB tests and what the
findings mean.
TB can be deadly and spreads very easily. Healthcare workers may have to get an annual TB
screening because they are at an increased risk of TB exposure or because transmission has
occurred in the setting previously. The test just checks to see if someone has been infected with
the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The Tuberculin skin test is one way to test. It measures
the immune system’s response to the purified protein derivative solution injected underneath the
skin.
Once injected with the PPD, a small bleb develops. If the body does not react, this means that a
TB infection or the disease are not likely. If blisters or induration become present, the person is
considered positive and further tests need to be conducted.
10. Discuss the pathophysiology of TB to include the formation of the latent “Gohn” complex
in the lungs.
TB is transmitted by infectious droplets. The TB test will be positive once someone has been
exposed. Only 5% of those who are exposed will develop symptoms and active TB. 95% will
remain latent or dormant as granuloma. A secondary infection may occur months to years later.
The mycobacterium tubercle is a highly efficient pathogen. Macrophages and lymphocytes attack
the MT, but some of those in the center escape the macrophages and can remain viable in
encapsulated form for years.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters into the lungs. The macrophages attempt to phagocytize
them. Mycobacterium inhibits fusion with lysosome and creates a localized infection, known as
primary tuberculosis. Three weeks later, a granuloma forms around the infection. Tissue inside of
the granuloma disease during caseous necrosis, which is known as the Gohn focus or complex.
11. Describe personal protection equipment needed in healthcare workers caring for TB
patients.
34
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEARNING
OBJECTIVES FOR MODULE 1A – 1B
AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY
,ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATIONS PART 1
1. Differentiate the most common viruses causing the common cold in adults and children.
Parainfluenza / RSV in children less than 6 years old. Rhinovirus is most common in ages 5 to
40.
2. Name the most common mode of transmission for the common cold.
The most common mode of transmission for the common cold would be direct contact. You
become the most contagious the first three days after the onset of symptoms.
3. Differentiated signs and symptoms of the common cold versus influenza.
Common Cold: dry, stuffy nose; profuse watery rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing;
post-nasal drip irritating the pharynx and causing sore throat; malaise, fatigue, headache,
hoarseness – typically lasts seven days (self-limited), children can have fever and it can lead to
otitis media in children
Influenza: common cold symptoms PLUS fever, aches, chills, tiredness, sudden onset – resolves
in 7 to 14 days
4. Discuss whether antibiotics are indicated in the common cold.
Antibiotics are not needed for the common cold due to the fact that antibiotics are used for
bacteria, where the common cold is viral.
5. Identify patient populations at high risk of contracting influenza.
Those with asthma or COPD, diabetes, and heart disease. Those who have had a stroke. Adults
who are 65 and older. Children who are younger than 5 (especially those that are younger than
2). Pregnant women. People with HIV / AIDS / cancer.
6. Discuss complications of influenza and rationale for the flu vaccine.
Influenza can lead to viral pneumonia (more common in elderly, those with CP disease),
worsening of chronic health problems, and bacterial infection (begin to feel better, then symptoms
appear again – fever, shaking, chills, productive cough).
The flu shot provides active immunity because you are making your own antibodies (takes about
2 weeks). The vaccine is able to protect against four strains of the flu (called a quadrivalent). The
inactivated vaccination (egg based / recombinant) is given to those 6 months old to 64 years old.
If you are 65+ you get a higher dose of the flu shot. The live (attenuated) vaccination is given to
those 2 to 49 years old.
7. Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of pneumonia (include the most
common pathogens).
Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection (acute infection / inflammation of the parenchymal
lung tissue). The inflammatory response triggers the release of cytokines which damages the AC
,33
, membrane and pulls water into the alveoli (called “exudate”). It consists of infected debris and
WBC. It can be caused by infectious and non-infectious agents (viral = flu/RSV or bacterial,
fungal, aspiration). Typical pneumonia is bacterial (S. pneumonia, H. flu, S. aureus). Atypical
(interstitial) pneumonia is viral or fungal (mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia).
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include fever and chills, malaise, dyspnea, cough (bacterial –
productive, viral – nonproductive), sputum (clear/watery in early stages; rust, blood-tinged later
on), pleuritic chest pain, and rales (crackles).
8. Differentiated between community acquired and healthcare acquired pneumonia.
Community acquired pneumonia onsets in the community or within 48 hours of
hospitalization (and has not resided in a long term care facility for ≥ 14 days before
admission).
Hospital acquired pneumonia is 48+ hours after hospitalization or procedure.
9. Explain the rationale of why healthcare workers are required to get TB tests and what the
findings mean.
TB can be deadly and spreads very easily. Healthcare workers may have to get an annual TB
screening because they are at an increased risk of TB exposure or because transmission has
occurred in the setting previously. The test just checks to see if someone has been infected with
the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The Tuberculin skin test is one way to test. It measures
the immune system’s response to the purified protein derivative solution injected underneath the
skin.
Once injected with the PPD, a small bleb develops. If the body does not react, this means that a
TB infection or the disease are not likely. If blisters or induration become present, the person is
considered positive and further tests need to be conducted.
10. Discuss the pathophysiology of TB to include the formation of the latent “Gohn” complex
in the lungs.
TB is transmitted by infectious droplets. The TB test will be positive once someone has been
exposed. Only 5% of those who are exposed will develop symptoms and active TB. 95% will
remain latent or dormant as granuloma. A secondary infection may occur months to years later.
The mycobacterium tubercle is a highly efficient pathogen. Macrophages and lymphocytes attack
the MT, but some of those in the center escape the macrophages and can remain viable in
encapsulated form for years.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters into the lungs. The macrophages attempt to phagocytize
them. Mycobacterium inhibits fusion with lysosome and creates a localized infection, known as
primary tuberculosis. Three weeks later, a granuloma forms around the infection. Tissue inside of
the granuloma disease during caseous necrosis, which is known as the Gohn focus or complex.
11. Describe personal protection equipment needed in healthcare workers caring for TB
patients.
34
