Psychology 1010 sabin exam 1 | 194
Questions with Answers A+ Scores
psychology - -scientific study of the mind and behavior
- deductive reasoning - -results are predicted based on a general premise.
All living things require energy to survive(premise).
- inductive reasoning - -conclusions are drawn from observations. you see
fruit growing on trees and therefore you assume all fruit grows on trees
- psychological research relies on both inductive and deductive reasoning - -
1. scientists form ideas through deductive reasoning
2. hypotheses are then tested through empirical observations and scientists
form conclusions through inductive reasoning
3. these conclusions lead to new theories and hypotheses (or more broad
generalizations)
- bias - -beliefs that interfere with objectivity
- Law of Parsimony - -principle that simple explanations of phenomena are
preferred to complex explanations
- Placebo Effect - -In drug research, positive effects associated with a
person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no
active ingredients.
- scientific method - -System of investigation in which a person makes
careful observations of a phenomenon, proposes theories to explain the
phenomenon, makes hypotheses about future behaviors, and then tests
these hypotheses through more research and observation
hypotheses, research, creating&modifying based on results
- theory - -explanation for a phenomenon based on careful and precise
observations
- hypothesis - -prediction about future behaviors that is derived from
observation and theories
- case study - -in-depth study of a single person that can often provide
suggestions for further research
,- naturalistic observation - -study of behavior in its typical natural setting,
with no attempt to alter it
Observation bias: when observations may be skewed to align with observer
expectations
- establishment of cleat criteria to observe should help eliminate observer
bias.
- scatterplot - -graph that depicts the relation between two variables
- Correlation - -the relationship between 2 or more variables
- correlation coefficient - -number ranging between -1.00 and +1.00 that
represents the degree and direction of relation between two variables
- cause-and-effect relationship - -changes in one variable cause the changes
in the other variable; can be determined ONLY through an experimental
research design
- confounding variable - -unanticipated outside factor that affects both
variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one
variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside
factor causes changes in both variables
- approaches to research - -Clinical or case studies
Naturalistic Observation
Surveys
Archival Research
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
- survey method - -research method that involves collecting large amount of
information from a sample of people who are representative of a larger
group (population)
- archival research - -method of research using past records or data sets to
answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or
relationships
- representative sample - -sample selected so that it reflects the
characteristics of a population of interest to the researcher
- qualitative research - -a holistic research method that seeks to provide a
complete narrative description of an entire phenomenon or culture
, - experimental method - -research method that involves manipulating
independent variables to determine how they affect dependent variables
- independent variable - -variable manipulated by a researcher to determine
its effects on a dependent variable
- dependent variable - -variable that shows the outcome of an experiment
by revealing the effects of an independent variable
- operational definition - -a careful and precise definition that allows other
researchers to repeat an experiment
- experimental group - -the group in an experiment that receives the effect
of the independent variable being manipulated
- control group - -a comparison group in an experiment that does not receive
the effect of the independent variable being manipulated
- extraneous variables - -variables, other than the independent variable, that
can influence the outcome of an experiment
- random assignment - -assignment of experimental participants to two or
more groups on the basis of chance
- statistics - -branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis,
and interpretation of data
- descriptive statistics - -procedures used to summarize any set of data
- inferential statistics - -procedures used to analyze data after an
experiment is completed; used to determine if the independent variable has
a significant effect
- measures of central tendency - -descriptive measures of a set of data that
tell us about a typical score
- measures of variability - -descriptive measures that tell us about the
amount of variability or spread in a set of data
- informed consent - -written document in which a person who might be
involved in a research study agrees to participate after receiving information
about the researcher's specific procedures
- debriefing - -procedure during which a complete explanation of research
that has involved deception is provided to a participant
Questions with Answers A+ Scores
psychology - -scientific study of the mind and behavior
- deductive reasoning - -results are predicted based on a general premise.
All living things require energy to survive(premise).
- inductive reasoning - -conclusions are drawn from observations. you see
fruit growing on trees and therefore you assume all fruit grows on trees
- psychological research relies on both inductive and deductive reasoning - -
1. scientists form ideas through deductive reasoning
2. hypotheses are then tested through empirical observations and scientists
form conclusions through inductive reasoning
3. these conclusions lead to new theories and hypotheses (or more broad
generalizations)
- bias - -beliefs that interfere with objectivity
- Law of Parsimony - -principle that simple explanations of phenomena are
preferred to complex explanations
- Placebo Effect - -In drug research, positive effects associated with a
person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no
active ingredients.
- scientific method - -System of investigation in which a person makes
careful observations of a phenomenon, proposes theories to explain the
phenomenon, makes hypotheses about future behaviors, and then tests
these hypotheses through more research and observation
hypotheses, research, creating&modifying based on results
- theory - -explanation for a phenomenon based on careful and precise
observations
- hypothesis - -prediction about future behaviors that is derived from
observation and theories
- case study - -in-depth study of a single person that can often provide
suggestions for further research
,- naturalistic observation - -study of behavior in its typical natural setting,
with no attempt to alter it
Observation bias: when observations may be skewed to align with observer
expectations
- establishment of cleat criteria to observe should help eliminate observer
bias.
- scatterplot - -graph that depicts the relation between two variables
- Correlation - -the relationship between 2 or more variables
- correlation coefficient - -number ranging between -1.00 and +1.00 that
represents the degree and direction of relation between two variables
- cause-and-effect relationship - -changes in one variable cause the changes
in the other variable; can be determined ONLY through an experimental
research design
- confounding variable - -unanticipated outside factor that affects both
variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one
variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside
factor causes changes in both variables
- approaches to research - -Clinical or case studies
Naturalistic Observation
Surveys
Archival Research
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
- survey method - -research method that involves collecting large amount of
information from a sample of people who are representative of a larger
group (population)
- archival research - -method of research using past records or data sets to
answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or
relationships
- representative sample - -sample selected so that it reflects the
characteristics of a population of interest to the researcher
- qualitative research - -a holistic research method that seeks to provide a
complete narrative description of an entire phenomenon or culture
, - experimental method - -research method that involves manipulating
independent variables to determine how they affect dependent variables
- independent variable - -variable manipulated by a researcher to determine
its effects on a dependent variable
- dependent variable - -variable that shows the outcome of an experiment
by revealing the effects of an independent variable
- operational definition - -a careful and precise definition that allows other
researchers to repeat an experiment
- experimental group - -the group in an experiment that receives the effect
of the independent variable being manipulated
- control group - -a comparison group in an experiment that does not receive
the effect of the independent variable being manipulated
- extraneous variables - -variables, other than the independent variable, that
can influence the outcome of an experiment
- random assignment - -assignment of experimental participants to two or
more groups on the basis of chance
- statistics - -branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis,
and interpretation of data
- descriptive statistics - -procedures used to summarize any set of data
- inferential statistics - -procedures used to analyze data after an
experiment is completed; used to determine if the independent variable has
a significant effect
- measures of central tendency - -descriptive measures of a set of data that
tell us about a typical score
- measures of variability - -descriptive measures that tell us about the
amount of variability or spread in a set of data
- informed consent - -written document in which a person who might be
involved in a research study agrees to participate after receiving information
about the researcher's specific procedures
- debriefing - -procedure during which a complete explanation of research
that has involved deception is provided to a participant
