FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
INHOUDSOPGAVE
LES 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5
HISTORY ......................................................................................................................................... 5
CURRENT SITUATION .......................................................................................................................... 6
PARTICE OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 6
THREE MAIN ACIVITIES FOR FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGISTS ........................................................................................ 7
LES 2: PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW ...................................................................................................... 9
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY ...................................................................................... 9
(UN)ACCAUNTABILITY ........................................................................................................................ 9
COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL ........................................................................................................................ 9
INSANITY DEFENSE ...................................................................................................................................... 10
DECISION TREE ........................................................................................................................................... 11
“IRRESISTIBLE URGE” .................................................................................................................................. 11
INTERNMENT ................................................................................................................................. 11
THE ACT OF 5 MAY 2014 ............................................................................................................................. 11
INTERNMENT IN BELGIUM ............................................................................................................................ 12
MALINGERING ................................................................................................................................ 12
EXPERT WITNESS ............................................................................................................................. 14
LES 3: DEVELOPMENT OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ........................................................................ 14
DESCRIPTION OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ................................................................................................ 14
LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................................................................... 15
INTERVENTION OF PROSECUTOR/JUDGE ......................................................................................................... 15
POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS THAT THE NUMBERS OF JUVENILE CRIME ARE NOT GOING UP ........................................... 16
VOS VS. OFFENSES ..................................................................................................................................... 16
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF (JUVENILE) CRIME ................................................................................. 17
ADDITIONAL DETERMINANTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF AB ............................................................................. 18
TRAJECTORIES OF ANTISOCIAL DEVELOPMENT......................................................................................... 19
MOFFIT THEORY EXPANDED .......................................................................................................................... 20
LES 4&5: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .................................................................................................... 21
CHILD MALTREATMENT ..................................................................................................................... 21
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 21
CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 21
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES ........................................................................................................ 22
1
,RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS .................................................................................................................... 23
INTERVENING ............................................................................................................................................ 24
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV) ..................................................................................................... 25
INTRO ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 25
CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 27
RISK ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 29
THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT ................................................................................................................... 31
ESCALATION OF IPV ..................................................................................................................................... 31
STALKING ...................................................................................................................................... 32
INTRO ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 32
STALKING BEHAVIORS .................................................................................................................................. 33
CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 33
MULLEN’S TYPOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 33
RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 34
LES 6: PSYCHOPATHY .................................................................................................................. 35
PSYCHOPATHY FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................... 35
HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................... 35
DIFFERENT VIEUW ON PSYCHOPATHY ............................................................................................................. 35
ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS ................................................................................................ 37
DSM-5 SECTION II: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER .................................................................................... 37
DSM-5 SECTION III: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER ................................................................................... 37
THE PSYCHOPATHY CHECKLIST-REVISED .......................................................................................................... 38
OTHER OBSERVATIONAL METHODS ................................................................................................................ 39
SELF-REPORT MEASURES .............................................................................................................................. 40
PREVALENCE RATES..................................................................................................................................... 40
THE ETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOPATHY: RISK FACTORS & THEORY ....................................................................... 41
RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 41
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: FEARLESSNESS MODEL .......................................................................................... 42
PSYCHOPATHY AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ............................................................................................ 43
PSYCHOOATHY AND (VIOLENT) CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: WHAT? ............................................................................. 43
TREATMENT OF PSYCHOPATHY ........................................................................................................... 43
CLINICAL PESSIMISM ................................................................................................................................... 43
CLINICAL OPTIMISM .................................................................................................................................... 44
LES 7 & 8: SEXUAL OFFENDING.................................................................................................... 44
INTRO .......................................................................................................................................... 44
PARAPHILIA AND PARAPHILIC DISORDER ............................................................................................... 45
PARAPHILIC PREFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 45
EXAMPLE: EXHIBITIONISM ............................................................................................................................ 46
PEDOPHILIA AND PEDOPHILIC DISORDER ............................................................................................... 47
INTRO ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
PEDOPHILES AND THERAPY ........................................................................................................................... 49
AGE ATTRACTION RANGES ............................................................................................................................ 49
2
,PREVALENCE OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS ................................................................................................ 49
(AGE) APPROPRIATE – TRANSGRESSIVE – ABUSIVE ............................................................................................ 50
TYPOLOGIES .............................................................................................................................................. 50
ADULT SEXUAL ABUSE ...................................................................................................................... 53
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................. 53
LES 9: YOUTH GANGS & DRUG WARS .......................................................................................... 56
YOUTH GANGS ............................................................................................................................... 56
HISTORY OF GANG RESEARCH........................................................................................................................ 56
DEFINING GANGS........................................................................................................................................ 57
RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 58
GANGS IN BRUSSELS .................................................................................................................................... 58
GANG VIOLENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 58
OTHER CRIMES ........................................................................................................................................... 60
DRUG WARS .................................................................................................................................. 60
DRUG RELATED VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................................ 60
SKY ECC .................................................................................................................................................... 61
DRUG RELATED VIOLENCE IN ANTWERP .......................................................................................................... 61
LES 10: RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 62
WHAT IS RISK ASSESSMENT? .............................................................................................................. 62
TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 63
UNSTRUCTURED CLINICAL JUDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... 63
ACTUARIAL ................................................................................................................................................ 63
STRUCTURED CLINICAL JUDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 64
RISK FACTORS ................................................................................................................................ 66
STATIC, DYNAMIC, ACUTE ............................................................................................................................ 66
CENTRAL EIGHT .......................................................................................................................................... 66
CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 66
STATIC-99R ............................................................................................................................................... 67
STABLE-2007 ............................................................................................................................................ 68
COMBINING SCORES.................................................................................................................................... 68
CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................................................................ 68
LES 11: TREATMENT.................................................................................................................... 69
FORENSIC TREATMENT ..................................................................................................................... 69
REGULAR VS FORENSIC TREATMENT ............................................................................................................... 69
BRIEF HISTORY OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION ................................................................................................. 69
RISK-NEED-RESPONSIVITY MODEL (RNR) ............................................................................................... 70
RISK PRINCIPLE ........................................................................................................................................... 71
NEED PRINCIPLE ......................................................................................................................................... 71
RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE.............................................................................................................................. 74
EFFECTIVENESS AND CRITISM OF THE RNR MODEL............................................................................................. 74
GOOD LIVES MODEL (GLM) ................................................................................................................ 75
PRIMARY GOODS ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3
, SECONDARY GOODS .................................................................................................................................... 76
GLM GOALS OF TREATMENT ......................................................................................................................... 76
RNR VS GLM .................................................................................................................................. 77
EFFECTIVENESS OF GLM VS RNR ..................................................................................................................... 77
4
INHOUDSOPGAVE
LES 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5
HISTORY ......................................................................................................................................... 5
CURRENT SITUATION .......................................................................................................................... 6
PARTICE OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 6
THREE MAIN ACIVITIES FOR FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGISTS ........................................................................................ 7
LES 2: PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW ...................................................................................................... 9
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY ...................................................................................... 9
(UN)ACCAUNTABILITY ........................................................................................................................ 9
COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL ........................................................................................................................ 9
INSANITY DEFENSE ...................................................................................................................................... 10
DECISION TREE ........................................................................................................................................... 11
“IRRESISTIBLE URGE” .................................................................................................................................. 11
INTERNMENT ................................................................................................................................. 11
THE ACT OF 5 MAY 2014 ............................................................................................................................. 11
INTERNMENT IN BELGIUM ............................................................................................................................ 12
MALINGERING ................................................................................................................................ 12
EXPERT WITNESS ............................................................................................................................. 14
LES 3: DEVELOPMENT OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ........................................................................ 14
DESCRIPTION OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ................................................................................................ 14
LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................................................................... 15
INTERVENTION OF PROSECUTOR/JUDGE ......................................................................................................... 15
POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS THAT THE NUMBERS OF JUVENILE CRIME ARE NOT GOING UP ........................................... 16
VOS VS. OFFENSES ..................................................................................................................................... 16
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF (JUVENILE) CRIME ................................................................................. 17
ADDITIONAL DETERMINANTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF AB ............................................................................. 18
TRAJECTORIES OF ANTISOCIAL DEVELOPMENT......................................................................................... 19
MOFFIT THEORY EXPANDED .......................................................................................................................... 20
LES 4&5: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .................................................................................................... 21
CHILD MALTREATMENT ..................................................................................................................... 21
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 21
CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 21
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES ........................................................................................................ 22
1
,RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS .................................................................................................................... 23
INTERVENING ............................................................................................................................................ 24
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV) ..................................................................................................... 25
INTRO ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 25
CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 27
RISK ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 29
THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT ................................................................................................................... 31
ESCALATION OF IPV ..................................................................................................................................... 31
STALKING ...................................................................................................................................... 32
INTRO ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 32
STALKING BEHAVIORS .................................................................................................................................. 33
CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 33
MULLEN’S TYPOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 33
RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 34
LES 6: PSYCHOPATHY .................................................................................................................. 35
PSYCHOPATHY FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................... 35
HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................... 35
DIFFERENT VIEUW ON PSYCHOPATHY ............................................................................................................. 35
ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS ................................................................................................ 37
DSM-5 SECTION II: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER .................................................................................... 37
DSM-5 SECTION III: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER ................................................................................... 37
THE PSYCHOPATHY CHECKLIST-REVISED .......................................................................................................... 38
OTHER OBSERVATIONAL METHODS ................................................................................................................ 39
SELF-REPORT MEASURES .............................................................................................................................. 40
PREVALENCE RATES..................................................................................................................................... 40
THE ETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOPATHY: RISK FACTORS & THEORY ....................................................................... 41
RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 41
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: FEARLESSNESS MODEL .......................................................................................... 42
PSYCHOPATHY AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ............................................................................................ 43
PSYCHOOATHY AND (VIOLENT) CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: WHAT? ............................................................................. 43
TREATMENT OF PSYCHOPATHY ........................................................................................................... 43
CLINICAL PESSIMISM ................................................................................................................................... 43
CLINICAL OPTIMISM .................................................................................................................................... 44
LES 7 & 8: SEXUAL OFFENDING.................................................................................................... 44
INTRO .......................................................................................................................................... 44
PARAPHILIA AND PARAPHILIC DISORDER ............................................................................................... 45
PARAPHILIC PREFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 45
EXAMPLE: EXHIBITIONISM ............................................................................................................................ 46
PEDOPHILIA AND PEDOPHILIC DISORDER ............................................................................................... 47
INTRO ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
PEDOPHILES AND THERAPY ........................................................................................................................... 49
AGE ATTRACTION RANGES ............................................................................................................................ 49
2
,PREVALENCE OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS ................................................................................................ 49
(AGE) APPROPRIATE – TRANSGRESSIVE – ABUSIVE ............................................................................................ 50
TYPOLOGIES .............................................................................................................................................. 50
ADULT SEXUAL ABUSE ...................................................................................................................... 53
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................. 53
LES 9: YOUTH GANGS & DRUG WARS .......................................................................................... 56
YOUTH GANGS ............................................................................................................................... 56
HISTORY OF GANG RESEARCH........................................................................................................................ 56
DEFINING GANGS........................................................................................................................................ 57
RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 58
GANGS IN BRUSSELS .................................................................................................................................... 58
GANG VIOLENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 58
OTHER CRIMES ........................................................................................................................................... 60
DRUG WARS .................................................................................................................................. 60
DRUG RELATED VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................................ 60
SKY ECC .................................................................................................................................................... 61
DRUG RELATED VIOLENCE IN ANTWERP .......................................................................................................... 61
LES 10: RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 62
WHAT IS RISK ASSESSMENT? .............................................................................................................. 62
TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 63
UNSTRUCTURED CLINICAL JUDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... 63
ACTUARIAL ................................................................................................................................................ 63
STRUCTURED CLINICAL JUDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 64
RISK FACTORS ................................................................................................................................ 66
STATIC, DYNAMIC, ACUTE ............................................................................................................................ 66
CENTRAL EIGHT .......................................................................................................................................... 66
CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 66
STATIC-99R ............................................................................................................................................... 67
STABLE-2007 ............................................................................................................................................ 68
COMBINING SCORES.................................................................................................................................... 68
CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................................................................ 68
LES 11: TREATMENT.................................................................................................................... 69
FORENSIC TREATMENT ..................................................................................................................... 69
REGULAR VS FORENSIC TREATMENT ............................................................................................................... 69
BRIEF HISTORY OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION ................................................................................................. 69
RISK-NEED-RESPONSIVITY MODEL (RNR) ............................................................................................... 70
RISK PRINCIPLE ........................................................................................................................................... 71
NEED PRINCIPLE ......................................................................................................................................... 71
RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE.............................................................................................................................. 74
EFFECTIVENESS AND CRITISM OF THE RNR MODEL............................................................................................. 74
GOOD LIVES MODEL (GLM) ................................................................................................................ 75
PRIMARY GOODS ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3
, SECONDARY GOODS .................................................................................................................................... 76
GLM GOALS OF TREATMENT ......................................................................................................................... 76
RNR VS GLM .................................................................................................................................. 77
EFFECTIVENESS OF GLM VS RNR ..................................................................................................................... 77
4
