Algemene bacteriologie &
mycologie
2024-2025
1
,Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................10
Situering van bacteriën, fungi en chromista in het rijk van de levende wezens ..................10
Fenotypische verschillen tussen Bacteria en Eukaryota .......................................................10
H1: Morfologie en structuur van bacteriën ..............................................................................11
Vorm ......................................................................................................................................11
Hoe bepaald? .....................................................................................................................11
Welke vormen? ..................................................................................................................11
Vormen bij groepering .......................................................................................................11
Afmetingen ............................................................................................................................12
Structuur ................................................................................................................................12
Genetisch materiaal ...........................................................................................................12
Chromosoom ..................................................................................................................12
Plasmiden .......................................................................................................................13
Profagen .........................................................................................................................13
Transposons en insertiesequenties ................................................................................13
Intergratieve en conjugatieve elementen ......................................................................14
Genomische eilanden .....................................................................................................14
Pathogeniciteitseilanden ............................................................................................14
Resistentie-eilanden ...................................................................................................14
Cytoplasma.........................................................................................................................14
Plasmamembraan ..............................................................................................................14
Celwand .............................................................................................................................14
Peptidoglycaan ...............................................................................................................15
Lipotechoïnezuren en techoïnezuren ............................................................................16
LPS ..................................................................................................................................18
Ijzeropname bij bacteriën ..............................................................................................18
Via productie van sideroforen ....................................................................................19
Via transferrine receptor ............................................................................................19
Via hemoglobine receptor ..........................................................................................19
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ..........................................................................19
Kapsel of slijmkapsel ..........................................................................................................19
Flagellen .............................................................................................................................20
Heliobacter Suis ..............................................................................................................20
Pili, fimbriae en fibrillae .....................................................................................................20
Pili en fimbriae................................................................................................................20
Enterotoxigene E. Coli (ETEC) .....................................................................................20
2
, Fibrillae ...........................................................................................................................21
Endosporen ........................................................................................................................21
Paenibacillus Larvae .......................................................................................................21
Bacteriën met afwijkende structuur ..................................................................................21
Genera Mycoplasma en Ureaplasma .............................................................................21
Spirocheten ....................................................................................................................21
H2: Metabolisme en groei van Bacteriën .................................................................................22
Chemische en fysische voorwaarden ....................................................................................22
Indeling o.b.v. stofwisseling ...............................................................................................22
Zuurtegraad ....................................................................................................................22
CO2 concentratie .............................................................................................................23
Zuurstofgevoeligheid ......................................................................................................23
Temperatuur...................................................................................................................23
Psychrophiles ..............................................................................................................23
Psychrotolerante bact. ................................................................................................23
Mesofiele bact. ...........................................................................................................24
Termofiele bact. ..........................................................................................................24
Vocht en osmotische druk ..............................................................................................24
Groei en vermenigvuldiging ..................................................................................................24
H3: Bacteriële genetica .............................................................................................................24
Structuur en expressie van bact. genen ................................................................................24
Structuur van bacteriële genen .........................................................................................24
Regulatie genexpressie ......................................................................................................25
Replicatie van het bact. genoom ...........................................................................................26
Fenotypische en genotypische variatie .................................................................................26
Fenotypische variatie .........................................................................................................26
Genotypische variatie ........................................................................................................26
Oorzaken van wijzigingen genetisch materiaal (genotypische variatie) ...............................26
Mutatie ..............................................................................................................................26
Puntmutaties ..................................................................................................................27
Ames test ....................................................................................................................27
Deletiemutaties ..............................................................................................................27
Effecten van mutaties ....................................................................................................27
Transformatie.....................................................................................................................28
Bewijs van transformatie volgen Griffith ....................................................................28
Resistentie via natuurlijke transformatie: Streptococcus pneumoniae .....................28
3
, Artificiële transformatie..............................................................................................28
Lysogene conversie ............................................................................................................29
Bacteriofagen .................................................................................................................29
Lystische cyclus bacteriofagen ....................................................................................29
Lysogene cyclus ...........................................................................................................29
Lysogene conversie ........................................................................................................30
Transductie ........................................................................................................................30
Conjugatie ..........................................................................................................................32
Plasmide-gemedieerde conjugatie .................................................................................32
Bij Gram- bact. ............................................................................................................32
Conjugatie via conjugatieve transposons.......................................................................34
H4 : AB resistentie.....................................................................................................................36
Definities................................................................................................................................36
Antimicrobiële gevoeligheid en resistentie .......................................................................36
MIC .................................................................................................................................36
MBC ................................................................................................................................36
Microbiologisch criterium ..............................................................................................36
Klinisch criterium ............................................................................................................37
Disk diffusie methode .................................................................................................37
E-test ...........................................................................................................................37
Natuurlijke (intrinsieke) ongevoeligheid vs. verworven antimicrobiële resistentie .........38
Intrinsieke ongevoeligheid .............................................................................................38
Mechanismen..............................................................................................................38
Verworven resistentie ....................................................................................................38
Kruisresistentie ...........................................................................................................38
Streptococcen..........................................................................................................38
Multipele resistentie ...................................................................................................39
Genetische basis van verworven resistentie .........................................................................39
Mutaties .............................................................................................................................39
Overdracht via resistentiegenen........................................................................................39
Mechanisme van verworven antimicrobiële resistentie.......................................................40
Structurele verand. van het doelwit ..................................................................................40
Verhoogd synthese van het doelwit ..................................................................................40
Adaptatie door ontw. alternatieve metabole pathway .....................................................40
Reductie in accumulatie van antimicrobieel middel in de bact. .......................................41
Productie enzymen die AB inactiveren ..............................................................................41
4
,H5 : AB en chemotherapeutica .................................................................................................43
AB (en chemotherapeutica) ..................................................................................................43
Oorsprong AB ........................................................................................................................43
Antimicrobieel spectrum .......................................................................................................43
Bactericide en bacteriostatische AB ......................................................................................43
Tijds-en conc.- afh. AB ...........................................................................................................44
Gebruik AB .............................................................................................................................44
Nadelen van gebruik van antimicrobiële middelen ..............................................................45
Dysbiose en doden van gunstige bacteriën .......................................................................45
Clostridoides difficile bij de mens ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Mannheimia haemolytica bij rundvee ...........................................................................45
Salmonella bij pluimvee .................................................................................................45
Werkt spreiding van antimicrobiële resistentie in de hand ..............................................45
Gevolgen van antimicrobiële resistentie bij bact. bij dieren ................................................46
Bemerkingen en conclusies mbt AB gebruik .........................................................................46
Faagtherapie ..........................................................................................................................47
Eigenschappen faagtherapie..............................................................................................47
Toepassingen faagtherapie ................................................................................................47
Virolysine therapie .............................................................................................................47
H6: pathogenese van bacteriële infecties ................................................................................48
Vrijlevende en symbiotische micro-organismen ...................................................................48
Vrijlevende MO ..................................................................................................................48
Symbiotische MO ...............................................................................................................48
Parasitisme .....................................................................................................................48
Mutualisme.....................................................................................................................48
Commensalisme .............................................................................................................48
Normale microbiota .......................................................................................................49
Pathogene en niet-pathogene bact.......................................................................................49
Niet-pathogene MO ...........................................................................................................49
Pathogene MO ...................................................................................................................49
Obligaat pathogenen ......................................................................................................49
Facultatief pathogenen ..................................................................................................49
Mannheimia heamolytica ...........................................................................................50
Spreiding van respiratoire pathogenen via de lucht ..................................................50
Pathogenese van bact. infecties............................................................................................50
Definities ............................................................................................................................50
5
,Hoe veroorzaken bacteriën ziekte? ...................................................................................50
Bact. met invasief vermogen ..........................................................................................50
Extracellulaire bact. ....................................................................................................50
Facultatief intracellulaire bact. ...................................................................................51
Mycobacterium spp.................................................................................................51
Salmonelle enterica .................................................................................................51
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis....................................................................................51
Brucella abortus ......................................................................................................51
Rhodococcus equi....................................................................................................51
Obligaat intracellulaire bact........................................................................................51
Lawsonia intracellularis........................................................................................51
Bact. die toxines vormen ................................................................................................52
Exotoxines ...................................................................................................................52
Toxische bestanddelen v/d celwand...........................................................................52
Endotoxines .............................................................................................................52
Lipotechoïnezuren (LTA), peptidoglycaan ...............................................................52
GH respons op LPS, LTA en PG ................................................................................52
Secretiesystemen ...............................................................................................................52
Proteïne secretiesystemen .............................................................................................52
Type 3 secretiesysteem ..............................................................................................53
Type 4 secretiesysteem ..............................................................................................53
Membraan vesikels ........................................................................................................53
Biofilms ..............................................................................................................................53
Belang van biofilmvorming.............................................................................................54
Coördinatie biofilmvorming via quorum sensing ...........................................................54
Voorbeeld: Borrelia burgdorferi .....................................................................................55
Pathogenese van bacteriële aandoeningen ......................................................................55
Tetanus ...........................................................................................................................55
Etiologie ......................................................................................................................55
Pathogenese ...............................................................................................................56
Tetanospasmine ......................................................................................................56
Vaccinatie ....................................................................................................................57
Preventie tetanus ........................................................................................................57
Voorbeeld: pasgeboren veulen ...............................................................................57
Incubatie periode ........................................................................................................57
Tetanus bij het paard ..................................................................................................57
6
, Salmonella bij zoogdieren en vogels ..............................................................................58
Serotypes ....................................................................................................................58
Pathogenese ...............................................................................................................58
Opname ...................................................................................................................59
Intestinale fase ........................................................................................................59
Factoren die rol spelen in kolonisatie ..................................................................59
Systemische fase .....................................................................................................60
Ziektetekens ................................................................................................................60
Ziektetekens van Salmonella Typhimurium Rund ...................................................60
Salmonella bij kalveren ...........................................................................................60
Salmonella bij duiven ..............................................................................................60
H7: Invloed van microbiota op gezondheid van mens en dier .................................................60
Inleiding .................................................................................................................................60
Factoren die microbiotasamenstelling beïnvloeden .............................................................61
Leeftijd ...............................................................................................................................61
Voeding ..............................................................................................................................61
Locatie ................................................................................................................................61
Darmmicrobiota ....................................................................................................................62
Dysbiose in de darm...........................................................................................................62
Bacteriële afbraak van nutriënten in de darm...................................................................62
Polysacchariden ..............................................................................................................62
Eiwitten...........................................................................................................................63
Vorming (poly-)amines ...............................................................................................63
Productie van SCFA en BCFA .......................................................................................63
Effect van bacteriële metabolieten op GH ........................................................................63
Effect van darmmicrobiotasamenstelling op darmgezondheid en ziekte .........................64
Rol van microbiota in darmgezondheid ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rol van microbiota in dierproductie ..............................................................................64
Rol van darmmicrobiota op diergezondheid..................................................................64
Sturen van microbiotasamenstelling .................................................................................65
Waarom? ........................................................................................................................65
Via AB..............................................................................................................................65
Via pre- en probiotica .....................................................................................................65
Probiotica ....................................................................................................................65
Prebiotica ....................................................................................................................65
Via organische zuren en andere moleculen ...................................................................65
7
, Via voeding .....................................................................................................................65
Microbiota van de luchtwegen .............................................................................................66
Factoren die luchtwegmicrobiotasamenstelling veranderen ............................................66
Microbiota van de huid .........................................................................................................66
Propionibacterium acnes bij de mens ...............................................................................66
Voorbeelden van huidaandoeningen ................................................................................67
Belang huidmicrobiota .......................................................................................................67
Vaginale microbiota ..............................................................................................................67
H8: Afweer tegenover bacteriële infecties ...............................................................................68
Inleiding .................................................................................................................................68
Natuurlijke resistentie van een diersoort ..........................................................................68
Aangeboren immuniteit vs verworven (adaptieve) immuniteit ........................................68
Aangeboren afweer ...............................................................................................................68
Biologische afweermechanismen thv epitheel ..................................................................68
Fysische mechanismen ......................................................................................................68
Chemische mechanismen ..................................................................................................68
Antimicrobiële peptiden.................................................................................................68
Ijzerbindende proteïnes .................................................................................................69
Lysozyme ........................................................................................................................69
Proteolytische enzymen .................................................................................................69
Zuurtegraad in de maag .................................................................................................69
Zink .................................................................................................................................69
Complement systeem (zie ook immunologie) ...............................................................70
Virulentiefactoren die complement tegenwerken .....................................................70
Cellulaire mechanismen .....................................................................................................70
Fagocyten .......................................................................................................................71
NK-cellen.........................................................................................................................71
Adaptieve/verworven immuniteit (vanaf hier best chaotisch) ............................................71
Adaptieve immuniteit tegenover exotoxigene bact. .........................................................72
Adaptieve immuniteit tegen obligaat extracellulaire bacteriën........................................72
adaptieve immuniteit tegen facultatief intracellulaire bacteriën .....................................72
voorbeeld: Listeria monocytogenes ...............................................................................73
pathogenese bij HK .....................................................................................................73
predisponerende factoren voor klinisch verloop .......................................................73
Klinisch verloop HK .....................................................................................................73
Pathogenese op cellulair niveau ....................................................................................73
8
, Cellulaire immuniteit ......................................................................................................75
Opbouw cellulaire immuniteit ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dragerdieren ...............................................................................................................75
Diagnose van infecties door facultatief intracellulaire bact. voorbeeld: RunderTBC door
Mycobacterium Bovis .................................................................................................75
Mycobacterium Bovis ..............................................................................................75
Gamma interferon test ............................................................................................76
H9: antibacteriële vaccins
Mycologie
9
, Inleiding
Situering van bacteriën, fungi en chromista in het rijk van de levende wezens
Het leven op aarde is gebaseerd op 3 afstammingslijnen met 1 gem. voorouder: Bacteria, Archaea en
Eukaryota (deze groep heeft een kernmembraan). Bacteria en Archaea zijn prokaryoten (dwz dat ze geen
kernmembraan hebben).
Chromista en fungi zijn onderdeel van de Eukaryoten, bacteriën van de Bacteria.
Fenotypische verschillen tussen Bacteria en Eukaryota
BACTERIA EUKARYOTA
Kleine cellen <10 micrometer Grotere cellen >5 micrometer
Aseksuele productie, soms UNI directionele Aseksuele of seksuele reproductie, mannelijke en
doorgave van genetisch materiaal, recombinaties vrouwelijke genen vormen samen nakomelingen
Binaire deling, geen centriolen of mitotische Klassieke mitose met condensatie
figuren
Geen weefseldifferentiatie of diploïde zygote Weefseldifferentiatie en multicellulaire vormen
uit diploïde zygote
Genetisch materiaal niet omgeven door Kernmembraan omgeeft genetisch materiaal,
kernmembraan, 1 chromosoom meerdere chromosomen
Geen nucleolen Nucleolen
Celwand bevat peptidoglycanen Celwand bestaat uit cellulose, chitine of is afwezig
(dierlijke cellen)
Een RNA polymerase, bestaande uit 4 subunits Drie RNA polymerasen bestaande uit 12-14
subunits
Invaginaties in cytoplasmamembraan Intracellulaire membraneuze structuren ( Golgi,
(=mesosomen) ER)
Geen gericht cytoplasmatisch transport Gericht cytoplasmatisch transport via microtubuli
Enorme metabolisme verscheidenheid, geen Identiek oxidatief metabolisme (Krebs) en wel
mitochondrien of chloroplasten -> als oxidatieve mitochondrien en chloroplasten (waarin enzymen
enzymen aanw., liggen ze i/d buurt v/d voor oxidatie zich bevinden)
cytoplasmamembr.
70S ribosomen 80S ribosomen
Weinig sterolen in cytoplasmamembr. (uitz. Veel sterolen in cytoplasma membr.
Mycoplasmen)
Zeer eenvoudige flagellen (niet altijd aanw.) Complexere flagellen
10
mycologie
2024-2025
1
,Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................10
Situering van bacteriën, fungi en chromista in het rijk van de levende wezens ..................10
Fenotypische verschillen tussen Bacteria en Eukaryota .......................................................10
H1: Morfologie en structuur van bacteriën ..............................................................................11
Vorm ......................................................................................................................................11
Hoe bepaald? .....................................................................................................................11
Welke vormen? ..................................................................................................................11
Vormen bij groepering .......................................................................................................11
Afmetingen ............................................................................................................................12
Structuur ................................................................................................................................12
Genetisch materiaal ...........................................................................................................12
Chromosoom ..................................................................................................................12
Plasmiden .......................................................................................................................13
Profagen .........................................................................................................................13
Transposons en insertiesequenties ................................................................................13
Intergratieve en conjugatieve elementen ......................................................................14
Genomische eilanden .....................................................................................................14
Pathogeniciteitseilanden ............................................................................................14
Resistentie-eilanden ...................................................................................................14
Cytoplasma.........................................................................................................................14
Plasmamembraan ..............................................................................................................14
Celwand .............................................................................................................................14
Peptidoglycaan ...............................................................................................................15
Lipotechoïnezuren en techoïnezuren ............................................................................16
LPS ..................................................................................................................................18
Ijzeropname bij bacteriën ..............................................................................................18
Via productie van sideroforen ....................................................................................19
Via transferrine receptor ............................................................................................19
Via hemoglobine receptor ..........................................................................................19
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ..........................................................................19
Kapsel of slijmkapsel ..........................................................................................................19
Flagellen .............................................................................................................................20
Heliobacter Suis ..............................................................................................................20
Pili, fimbriae en fibrillae .....................................................................................................20
Pili en fimbriae................................................................................................................20
Enterotoxigene E. Coli (ETEC) .....................................................................................20
2
, Fibrillae ...........................................................................................................................21
Endosporen ........................................................................................................................21
Paenibacillus Larvae .......................................................................................................21
Bacteriën met afwijkende structuur ..................................................................................21
Genera Mycoplasma en Ureaplasma .............................................................................21
Spirocheten ....................................................................................................................21
H2: Metabolisme en groei van Bacteriën .................................................................................22
Chemische en fysische voorwaarden ....................................................................................22
Indeling o.b.v. stofwisseling ...............................................................................................22
Zuurtegraad ....................................................................................................................22
CO2 concentratie .............................................................................................................23
Zuurstofgevoeligheid ......................................................................................................23
Temperatuur...................................................................................................................23
Psychrophiles ..............................................................................................................23
Psychrotolerante bact. ................................................................................................23
Mesofiele bact. ...........................................................................................................24
Termofiele bact. ..........................................................................................................24
Vocht en osmotische druk ..............................................................................................24
Groei en vermenigvuldiging ..................................................................................................24
H3: Bacteriële genetica .............................................................................................................24
Structuur en expressie van bact. genen ................................................................................24
Structuur van bacteriële genen .........................................................................................24
Regulatie genexpressie ......................................................................................................25
Replicatie van het bact. genoom ...........................................................................................26
Fenotypische en genotypische variatie .................................................................................26
Fenotypische variatie .........................................................................................................26
Genotypische variatie ........................................................................................................26
Oorzaken van wijzigingen genetisch materiaal (genotypische variatie) ...............................26
Mutatie ..............................................................................................................................26
Puntmutaties ..................................................................................................................27
Ames test ....................................................................................................................27
Deletiemutaties ..............................................................................................................27
Effecten van mutaties ....................................................................................................27
Transformatie.....................................................................................................................28
Bewijs van transformatie volgen Griffith ....................................................................28
Resistentie via natuurlijke transformatie: Streptococcus pneumoniae .....................28
3
, Artificiële transformatie..............................................................................................28
Lysogene conversie ............................................................................................................29
Bacteriofagen .................................................................................................................29
Lystische cyclus bacteriofagen ....................................................................................29
Lysogene cyclus ...........................................................................................................29
Lysogene conversie ........................................................................................................30
Transductie ........................................................................................................................30
Conjugatie ..........................................................................................................................32
Plasmide-gemedieerde conjugatie .................................................................................32
Bij Gram- bact. ............................................................................................................32
Conjugatie via conjugatieve transposons.......................................................................34
H4 : AB resistentie.....................................................................................................................36
Definities................................................................................................................................36
Antimicrobiële gevoeligheid en resistentie .......................................................................36
MIC .................................................................................................................................36
MBC ................................................................................................................................36
Microbiologisch criterium ..............................................................................................36
Klinisch criterium ............................................................................................................37
Disk diffusie methode .................................................................................................37
E-test ...........................................................................................................................37
Natuurlijke (intrinsieke) ongevoeligheid vs. verworven antimicrobiële resistentie .........38
Intrinsieke ongevoeligheid .............................................................................................38
Mechanismen..............................................................................................................38
Verworven resistentie ....................................................................................................38
Kruisresistentie ...........................................................................................................38
Streptococcen..........................................................................................................38
Multipele resistentie ...................................................................................................39
Genetische basis van verworven resistentie .........................................................................39
Mutaties .............................................................................................................................39
Overdracht via resistentiegenen........................................................................................39
Mechanisme van verworven antimicrobiële resistentie.......................................................40
Structurele verand. van het doelwit ..................................................................................40
Verhoogd synthese van het doelwit ..................................................................................40
Adaptatie door ontw. alternatieve metabole pathway .....................................................40
Reductie in accumulatie van antimicrobieel middel in de bact. .......................................41
Productie enzymen die AB inactiveren ..............................................................................41
4
,H5 : AB en chemotherapeutica .................................................................................................43
AB (en chemotherapeutica) ..................................................................................................43
Oorsprong AB ........................................................................................................................43
Antimicrobieel spectrum .......................................................................................................43
Bactericide en bacteriostatische AB ......................................................................................43
Tijds-en conc.- afh. AB ...........................................................................................................44
Gebruik AB .............................................................................................................................44
Nadelen van gebruik van antimicrobiële middelen ..............................................................45
Dysbiose en doden van gunstige bacteriën .......................................................................45
Clostridoides difficile bij de mens ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Mannheimia haemolytica bij rundvee ...........................................................................45
Salmonella bij pluimvee .................................................................................................45
Werkt spreiding van antimicrobiële resistentie in de hand ..............................................45
Gevolgen van antimicrobiële resistentie bij bact. bij dieren ................................................46
Bemerkingen en conclusies mbt AB gebruik .........................................................................46
Faagtherapie ..........................................................................................................................47
Eigenschappen faagtherapie..............................................................................................47
Toepassingen faagtherapie ................................................................................................47
Virolysine therapie .............................................................................................................47
H6: pathogenese van bacteriële infecties ................................................................................48
Vrijlevende en symbiotische micro-organismen ...................................................................48
Vrijlevende MO ..................................................................................................................48
Symbiotische MO ...............................................................................................................48
Parasitisme .....................................................................................................................48
Mutualisme.....................................................................................................................48
Commensalisme .............................................................................................................48
Normale microbiota .......................................................................................................49
Pathogene en niet-pathogene bact.......................................................................................49
Niet-pathogene MO ...........................................................................................................49
Pathogene MO ...................................................................................................................49
Obligaat pathogenen ......................................................................................................49
Facultatief pathogenen ..................................................................................................49
Mannheimia heamolytica ...........................................................................................50
Spreiding van respiratoire pathogenen via de lucht ..................................................50
Pathogenese van bact. infecties............................................................................................50
Definities ............................................................................................................................50
5
,Hoe veroorzaken bacteriën ziekte? ...................................................................................50
Bact. met invasief vermogen ..........................................................................................50
Extracellulaire bact. ....................................................................................................50
Facultatief intracellulaire bact. ...................................................................................51
Mycobacterium spp.................................................................................................51
Salmonelle enterica .................................................................................................51
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis....................................................................................51
Brucella abortus ......................................................................................................51
Rhodococcus equi....................................................................................................51
Obligaat intracellulaire bact........................................................................................51
Lawsonia intracellularis........................................................................................51
Bact. die toxines vormen ................................................................................................52
Exotoxines ...................................................................................................................52
Toxische bestanddelen v/d celwand...........................................................................52
Endotoxines .............................................................................................................52
Lipotechoïnezuren (LTA), peptidoglycaan ...............................................................52
GH respons op LPS, LTA en PG ................................................................................52
Secretiesystemen ...............................................................................................................52
Proteïne secretiesystemen .............................................................................................52
Type 3 secretiesysteem ..............................................................................................53
Type 4 secretiesysteem ..............................................................................................53
Membraan vesikels ........................................................................................................53
Biofilms ..............................................................................................................................53
Belang van biofilmvorming.............................................................................................54
Coördinatie biofilmvorming via quorum sensing ...........................................................54
Voorbeeld: Borrelia burgdorferi .....................................................................................55
Pathogenese van bacteriële aandoeningen ......................................................................55
Tetanus ...........................................................................................................................55
Etiologie ......................................................................................................................55
Pathogenese ...............................................................................................................56
Tetanospasmine ......................................................................................................56
Vaccinatie ....................................................................................................................57
Preventie tetanus ........................................................................................................57
Voorbeeld: pasgeboren veulen ...............................................................................57
Incubatie periode ........................................................................................................57
Tetanus bij het paard ..................................................................................................57
6
, Salmonella bij zoogdieren en vogels ..............................................................................58
Serotypes ....................................................................................................................58
Pathogenese ...............................................................................................................58
Opname ...................................................................................................................59
Intestinale fase ........................................................................................................59
Factoren die rol spelen in kolonisatie ..................................................................59
Systemische fase .....................................................................................................60
Ziektetekens ................................................................................................................60
Ziektetekens van Salmonella Typhimurium Rund ...................................................60
Salmonella bij kalveren ...........................................................................................60
Salmonella bij duiven ..............................................................................................60
H7: Invloed van microbiota op gezondheid van mens en dier .................................................60
Inleiding .................................................................................................................................60
Factoren die microbiotasamenstelling beïnvloeden .............................................................61
Leeftijd ...............................................................................................................................61
Voeding ..............................................................................................................................61
Locatie ................................................................................................................................61
Darmmicrobiota ....................................................................................................................62
Dysbiose in de darm...........................................................................................................62
Bacteriële afbraak van nutriënten in de darm...................................................................62
Polysacchariden ..............................................................................................................62
Eiwitten...........................................................................................................................63
Vorming (poly-)amines ...............................................................................................63
Productie van SCFA en BCFA .......................................................................................63
Effect van bacteriële metabolieten op GH ........................................................................63
Effect van darmmicrobiotasamenstelling op darmgezondheid en ziekte .........................64
Rol van microbiota in darmgezondheid ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rol van microbiota in dierproductie ..............................................................................64
Rol van darmmicrobiota op diergezondheid..................................................................64
Sturen van microbiotasamenstelling .................................................................................65
Waarom? ........................................................................................................................65
Via AB..............................................................................................................................65
Via pre- en probiotica .....................................................................................................65
Probiotica ....................................................................................................................65
Prebiotica ....................................................................................................................65
Via organische zuren en andere moleculen ...................................................................65
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, Via voeding .....................................................................................................................65
Microbiota van de luchtwegen .............................................................................................66
Factoren die luchtwegmicrobiotasamenstelling veranderen ............................................66
Microbiota van de huid .........................................................................................................66
Propionibacterium acnes bij de mens ...............................................................................66
Voorbeelden van huidaandoeningen ................................................................................67
Belang huidmicrobiota .......................................................................................................67
Vaginale microbiota ..............................................................................................................67
H8: Afweer tegenover bacteriële infecties ...............................................................................68
Inleiding .................................................................................................................................68
Natuurlijke resistentie van een diersoort ..........................................................................68
Aangeboren immuniteit vs verworven (adaptieve) immuniteit ........................................68
Aangeboren afweer ...............................................................................................................68
Biologische afweermechanismen thv epitheel ..................................................................68
Fysische mechanismen ......................................................................................................68
Chemische mechanismen ..................................................................................................68
Antimicrobiële peptiden.................................................................................................68
Ijzerbindende proteïnes .................................................................................................69
Lysozyme ........................................................................................................................69
Proteolytische enzymen .................................................................................................69
Zuurtegraad in de maag .................................................................................................69
Zink .................................................................................................................................69
Complement systeem (zie ook immunologie) ...............................................................70
Virulentiefactoren die complement tegenwerken .....................................................70
Cellulaire mechanismen .....................................................................................................70
Fagocyten .......................................................................................................................71
NK-cellen.........................................................................................................................71
Adaptieve/verworven immuniteit (vanaf hier best chaotisch) ............................................71
Adaptieve immuniteit tegenover exotoxigene bact. .........................................................72
Adaptieve immuniteit tegen obligaat extracellulaire bacteriën........................................72
adaptieve immuniteit tegen facultatief intracellulaire bacteriën .....................................72
voorbeeld: Listeria monocytogenes ...............................................................................73
pathogenese bij HK .....................................................................................................73
predisponerende factoren voor klinisch verloop .......................................................73
Klinisch verloop HK .....................................................................................................73
Pathogenese op cellulair niveau ....................................................................................73
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, Cellulaire immuniteit ......................................................................................................75
Opbouw cellulaire immuniteit ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dragerdieren ...............................................................................................................75
Diagnose van infecties door facultatief intracellulaire bact. voorbeeld: RunderTBC door
Mycobacterium Bovis .................................................................................................75
Mycobacterium Bovis ..............................................................................................75
Gamma interferon test ............................................................................................76
H9: antibacteriële vaccins
Mycologie
9
, Inleiding
Situering van bacteriën, fungi en chromista in het rijk van de levende wezens
Het leven op aarde is gebaseerd op 3 afstammingslijnen met 1 gem. voorouder: Bacteria, Archaea en
Eukaryota (deze groep heeft een kernmembraan). Bacteria en Archaea zijn prokaryoten (dwz dat ze geen
kernmembraan hebben).
Chromista en fungi zijn onderdeel van de Eukaryoten, bacteriën van de Bacteria.
Fenotypische verschillen tussen Bacteria en Eukaryota
BACTERIA EUKARYOTA
Kleine cellen <10 micrometer Grotere cellen >5 micrometer
Aseksuele productie, soms UNI directionele Aseksuele of seksuele reproductie, mannelijke en
doorgave van genetisch materiaal, recombinaties vrouwelijke genen vormen samen nakomelingen
Binaire deling, geen centriolen of mitotische Klassieke mitose met condensatie
figuren
Geen weefseldifferentiatie of diploïde zygote Weefseldifferentiatie en multicellulaire vormen
uit diploïde zygote
Genetisch materiaal niet omgeven door Kernmembraan omgeeft genetisch materiaal,
kernmembraan, 1 chromosoom meerdere chromosomen
Geen nucleolen Nucleolen
Celwand bevat peptidoglycanen Celwand bestaat uit cellulose, chitine of is afwezig
(dierlijke cellen)
Een RNA polymerase, bestaande uit 4 subunits Drie RNA polymerasen bestaande uit 12-14
subunits
Invaginaties in cytoplasmamembraan Intracellulaire membraneuze structuren ( Golgi,
(=mesosomen) ER)
Geen gericht cytoplasmatisch transport Gericht cytoplasmatisch transport via microtubuli
Enorme metabolisme verscheidenheid, geen Identiek oxidatief metabolisme (Krebs) en wel
mitochondrien of chloroplasten -> als oxidatieve mitochondrien en chloroplasten (waarin enzymen
enzymen aanw., liggen ze i/d buurt v/d voor oxidatie zich bevinden)
cytoplasmamembr.
70S ribosomen 80S ribosomen
Weinig sterolen in cytoplasmamembr. (uitz. Veel sterolen in cytoplasma membr.
Mycoplasmen)
Zeer eenvoudige flagellen (niet altijd aanw.) Complexere flagellen
10
