NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
β-lactam antibiotic MOA - ANSWER-All antibiotics in class share the same mechanism of action:
disruption of the bacterial cell wall.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Empiric Therapy - ANSWER-start treatment without cultures or prior to receiving the results of a culture
immediate empiric antibiotics - ANSWER-Critically ill patients receive (Fill in the Answer) after the first
set of cultures obtained; do not wait for results.
Bactericidal antibiotics - ANSWER-Directly kill bacteria: Agents include aminoglycosides, beta-lactams,
fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and vancomycin.
preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with diabetes, HIV, or cancer and for those
who have overwhelming infections
Bacteriostatic agents - ANSWER-inhibit bacterial proliferation while the host's immune system does the
killing. Agents include clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
β-lactam Antibiotics - ANSWER-Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
Penicillins MOA - ANSWER-Weaken bacterial cell wall by two actions:
(1) inhibition of transpeptidases
(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) - ANSWER-Transpeptidases, Autolysins, and other bacterial enzymes
are collectively named as because antibiotic class must bind to them to produce antibacterial effects.
, NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER-two layers: the cytoplasmic membrane and a relatively thick cell wall;
penicillins are generally very active against these organisms.
gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER-three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, a relatively thin cell wall,
and an additional outer membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to cross and reach
penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Four Major Groups of Penicillins - ANSWER-(1) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase
sensitive
(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant (antistaphylococcal penicillins)
(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).
narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins - ANSWER-Penicillin G, Penicillin V
narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Streptococci, Neisseria,
anaerobes
very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against penicillinase-producing strains of
staphylococci (S. aureus and S. epidermidis). - ANSWER-narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase
resistant penicillins
narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins - ANSWER-Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin
, NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-S. Aureus, S. Epidermidis
Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections - ANSWER-penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Nafcillin,
Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin)
Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins - ANSWER-Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia
coli, Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin) - ANSWER-Piperacillin
Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased activity against certain gram-
negative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella -
ANSWER-Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins
First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis - ANSWER-Amoxicillin
Extended spectrum penicillins suceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli,
Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas, enterobactor, klebsiella
Principle pathogenic target of Piperacillin - ANSWER-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
beta-lactamase inhibitors to broaden penicillin spectrum - ANSWER-clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
, NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Penicillin/Beta-Lactamase Combinations - ANSWER-Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn)
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
MRSA Drug of Choice - ANSWER-Vancomycin
Most Important AE of Penicillins - ANSWER-Hypersensitivity Reaction
Drug of choice when history of anaphylaxis or some other severe allergic reaction to penicillins -
ANSWER-Avoid cephalosporin;
Vancomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin are effective and safe alternatives for patients with penicillin
allergy.
Common drug used to treat bacterial infections in children. - ANSWER-Penicillins
First line treatment for infection following animal or human bites - ANSWER-Amoxicillin/clavulanate
(Augmentin)
Medication common for streptococcal pharyngitis - ANSWER-Penicillin
Penicillin Risk in Pregnancy - ANSWER-evidence suggests there is no second or third trimester fetal risk
Penicillin Risk in Infants - ANSWER-Used safely in infants with bacterial infections, including syphilis,
meningitis, and group A streptococcus.
Amoxicillin - ANSWER-Safe use during breastfeeding
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
β-lactam antibiotic MOA - ANSWER-All antibiotics in class share the same mechanism of action:
disruption of the bacterial cell wall.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Empiric Therapy - ANSWER-start treatment without cultures or prior to receiving the results of a culture
immediate empiric antibiotics - ANSWER-Critically ill patients receive (Fill in the Answer) after the first
set of cultures obtained; do not wait for results.
Bactericidal antibiotics - ANSWER-Directly kill bacteria: Agents include aminoglycosides, beta-lactams,
fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and vancomycin.
preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with diabetes, HIV, or cancer and for those
who have overwhelming infections
Bacteriostatic agents - ANSWER-inhibit bacterial proliferation while the host's immune system does the
killing. Agents include clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
β-lactam Antibiotics - ANSWER-Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
Penicillins MOA - ANSWER-Weaken bacterial cell wall by two actions:
(1) inhibition of transpeptidases
(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) - ANSWER-Transpeptidases, Autolysins, and other bacterial enzymes
are collectively named as because antibiotic class must bind to them to produce antibacterial effects.
, NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER-two layers: the cytoplasmic membrane and a relatively thick cell wall;
penicillins are generally very active against these organisms.
gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER-three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, a relatively thin cell wall,
and an additional outer membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to cross and reach
penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Four Major Groups of Penicillins - ANSWER-(1) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase
sensitive
(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant (antistaphylococcal penicillins)
(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).
narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins - ANSWER-Penicillin G, Penicillin V
narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Streptococci, Neisseria,
anaerobes
very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against penicillinase-producing strains of
staphylococci (S. aureus and S. epidermidis). - ANSWER-narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase
resistant penicillins
narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins - ANSWER-Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin
, NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-S. Aureus, S. Epidermidis
Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections - ANSWER-penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Nafcillin,
Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin)
Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins - ANSWER-Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia
coli, Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin) - ANSWER-Piperacillin
Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased activity against certain gram-
negative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella -
ANSWER-Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins
First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis - ANSWER-Amoxicillin
Extended spectrum penicillins suceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli,
Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas, enterobactor, klebsiella
Principle pathogenic target of Piperacillin - ANSWER-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
beta-lactamase inhibitors to broaden penicillin spectrum - ANSWER-clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
, NR566-ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FOR
CARE OF THE FAMILY
2024/2025 COMPLETE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Penicillin/Beta-Lactamase Combinations - ANSWER-Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn)
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
MRSA Drug of Choice - ANSWER-Vancomycin
Most Important AE of Penicillins - ANSWER-Hypersensitivity Reaction
Drug of choice when history of anaphylaxis or some other severe allergic reaction to penicillins -
ANSWER-Avoid cephalosporin;
Vancomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin are effective and safe alternatives for patients with penicillin
allergy.
Common drug used to treat bacterial infections in children. - ANSWER-Penicillins
First line treatment for infection following animal or human bites - ANSWER-Amoxicillin/clavulanate
(Augmentin)
Medication common for streptococcal pharyngitis - ANSWER-Penicillin
Penicillin Risk in Pregnancy - ANSWER-evidence suggests there is no second or third trimester fetal risk
Penicillin Risk in Infants - ANSWER-Used safely in infants with bacterial infections, including syphilis,
meningitis, and group A streptococcus.
Amoxicillin - ANSWER-Safe use during breastfeeding
