Week 36
Chapter 2
Temporal resolution: when an event is occurring
Spatial resolution: where an event is occurring
brain
Central
nervous
system
Spinal cord
Nervous
system Sympathetic
ANS
Peripheral Parasympathisch
nervous
system
SNS
Measuring methods:
● Skin conductance response (SCR): small changes in conductivity as a result of mild
sweating
● Electromyography (EMG): a method for assessing electrical activity associated with
muscle movement
● Eye blink startle response: a motor response (measured with EMG) that is normally
elicited by a loud unexpected sound but is further modulated by the participants
emotional state.
● Electroencephalography (EEG): records electrical signals generated by the brain,
through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp.
● Event-related potential (ERP): an averaged set of EEG recordings that are time-
locked to a particular event.
● Magnetoencephalography (MEG): a noninvasive method for recording magnetic
fields generated by the brain at the scalp
● Transcranial electrical stimulation (TMS): non-invasive stimulation of the brain
caused by a rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scalp
N170: an event related potential that has been linked to face perception
Basal ganglia: motor control and skill learning
Limbic system: relating the organism to the environment
Thalamus: processing station between all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex
Hypothalamus: the body and its regulation
,BOLD response: the change in blood oxygenation that accompanies neural activity
→ hemodynamic responses function: the change in BOLD over time
Default mode network: a set of brain regions that is more hemodynamically active during rest
Voxel: a 3-dimensional version of a pixel, the brain is divided into tens of thousands of these
during functional imaging analyses.
Clips lecture 1
Clip 1.1
Subjective measures:
● Emotional experience
● Personality questionnaires
Observational measures
Performance measures:
● Recognition tasks
● Selective attention: stroop task & implicit association task
Clip 1.2
Physiological methods:
● Skin conductance response (SCR): sweat gland activity
● Heart rate, respiration: preparing fight/ flight
● EMG: muscle activity
→ startle potential (eye blink)
Clip 1.3
Single cell recording: records neural activity
EEG: measures neural activity of large number of cells
● Frequency bands:
● Event related potentials (ERP): EEG is averaged over time
+ Temporal resolution
- Spatial resolution
Clip 1.4
MRI: relies on alignment of water molecules (brain structures)
fMRI: hemodynamic method (activation location)
→ measures blood oxygenation
→ relies on BOLD response: change in blood oxygenation that accompanies
neural activity
+ Spatial resolution
- Temporal resolution
DTI: measures communication bundles of brain (brain connection)
→ diffusion of water molecules
, Clip 1.5
Lesion methods:
● Reversed engineering
● Animal models
● Human models: accidents, strokes, lobectomy (epilepsy),
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): focal but no deep brain regions
Lecture 1: introduction & methods
Triune brain model: the human brain is an accumulation of brain regions that can be roughly
divided in three phylogenetic stages:
● reptilian brain (sub cortex): action reaction machinery
● mammalian brain (limbic system): emotionality: behavioral flexibility
● primate brain (neo-cortex): rationality: behavioral control
Chapter 3
Social intelligence hypothesis: evolutionary pressures to be socially smarter lead to more
general changes resulting in increased intellect in non-social domains
Chapter 4
Emotions: stated associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing
Mood: an emotional state that is extended over time
Hedonic value: the subjective liking or disliking of a stimulus
Moral emotions: emotional states that arise following a comparison or actual behavior.
Klucer Bucy syndrome: behaviors associated with lesions in the amygdala
Amygdala: emotional learning, arousal, fear
→ processing emotions: learning and storing the emotional value of novel
stimuli\
Insula: perceiving the state of one’s own body
→ sense of taste, pain perception, interoception
Orbitofrontal cortex: computes the motivational value of rewards
→ rewards: medial
→ punishers: lateral
Anterior Cingulate cortex: cognitive and affective evaluation to reponses
→ ventral: involved in processing of affective/ social stimuli
→ dorsal: cognitive
Ventral striatum: learning emotional value of an action & learning reward value of a decision
Dorsal striatum: sensorimotor properties (habit formation)
→ Drug abuse: shift from VS to DS
Ventral tegmental area: a midbrain structure in which the reward-related dopaminergic
system originates.
Lateral PFC: cognitive control
Ventromedial & orbital PFC: emotional experience & contextualizing emotions
Chapter 2
Temporal resolution: when an event is occurring
Spatial resolution: where an event is occurring
brain
Central
nervous
system
Spinal cord
Nervous
system Sympathetic
ANS
Peripheral Parasympathisch
nervous
system
SNS
Measuring methods:
● Skin conductance response (SCR): small changes in conductivity as a result of mild
sweating
● Electromyography (EMG): a method for assessing electrical activity associated with
muscle movement
● Eye blink startle response: a motor response (measured with EMG) that is normally
elicited by a loud unexpected sound but is further modulated by the participants
emotional state.
● Electroencephalography (EEG): records electrical signals generated by the brain,
through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp.
● Event-related potential (ERP): an averaged set of EEG recordings that are time-
locked to a particular event.
● Magnetoencephalography (MEG): a noninvasive method for recording magnetic
fields generated by the brain at the scalp
● Transcranial electrical stimulation (TMS): non-invasive stimulation of the brain
caused by a rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scalp
N170: an event related potential that has been linked to face perception
Basal ganglia: motor control and skill learning
Limbic system: relating the organism to the environment
Thalamus: processing station between all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex
Hypothalamus: the body and its regulation
,BOLD response: the change in blood oxygenation that accompanies neural activity
→ hemodynamic responses function: the change in BOLD over time
Default mode network: a set of brain regions that is more hemodynamically active during rest
Voxel: a 3-dimensional version of a pixel, the brain is divided into tens of thousands of these
during functional imaging analyses.
Clips lecture 1
Clip 1.1
Subjective measures:
● Emotional experience
● Personality questionnaires
Observational measures
Performance measures:
● Recognition tasks
● Selective attention: stroop task & implicit association task
Clip 1.2
Physiological methods:
● Skin conductance response (SCR): sweat gland activity
● Heart rate, respiration: preparing fight/ flight
● EMG: muscle activity
→ startle potential (eye blink)
Clip 1.3
Single cell recording: records neural activity
EEG: measures neural activity of large number of cells
● Frequency bands:
● Event related potentials (ERP): EEG is averaged over time
+ Temporal resolution
- Spatial resolution
Clip 1.4
MRI: relies on alignment of water molecules (brain structures)
fMRI: hemodynamic method (activation location)
→ measures blood oxygenation
→ relies on BOLD response: change in blood oxygenation that accompanies
neural activity
+ Spatial resolution
- Temporal resolution
DTI: measures communication bundles of brain (brain connection)
→ diffusion of water molecules
, Clip 1.5
Lesion methods:
● Reversed engineering
● Animal models
● Human models: accidents, strokes, lobectomy (epilepsy),
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): focal but no deep brain regions
Lecture 1: introduction & methods
Triune brain model: the human brain is an accumulation of brain regions that can be roughly
divided in three phylogenetic stages:
● reptilian brain (sub cortex): action reaction machinery
● mammalian brain (limbic system): emotionality: behavioral flexibility
● primate brain (neo-cortex): rationality: behavioral control
Chapter 3
Social intelligence hypothesis: evolutionary pressures to be socially smarter lead to more
general changes resulting in increased intellect in non-social domains
Chapter 4
Emotions: stated associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing
Mood: an emotional state that is extended over time
Hedonic value: the subjective liking or disliking of a stimulus
Moral emotions: emotional states that arise following a comparison or actual behavior.
Klucer Bucy syndrome: behaviors associated with lesions in the amygdala
Amygdala: emotional learning, arousal, fear
→ processing emotions: learning and storing the emotional value of novel
stimuli\
Insula: perceiving the state of one’s own body
→ sense of taste, pain perception, interoception
Orbitofrontal cortex: computes the motivational value of rewards
→ rewards: medial
→ punishers: lateral
Anterior Cingulate cortex: cognitive and affective evaluation to reponses
→ ventral: involved in processing of affective/ social stimuli
→ dorsal: cognitive
Ventral striatum: learning emotional value of an action & learning reward value of a decision
Dorsal striatum: sensorimotor properties (habit formation)
→ Drug abuse: shift from VS to DS
Ventral tegmental area: a midbrain structure in which the reward-related dopaminergic
system originates.
Lateral PFC: cognitive control
Ventromedial & orbital PFC: emotional experience & contextualizing emotions
