CHAPTER I COVALENTBONDS ANDSHAPESOFMOLECULES
ORGANICCHEMISTRY
atoms
h
availablebut
bitabofaualenergyare the
Organiccompoundsare
foundeverywhere not
are enough
electrons
tofillallothem
f completely
Manmadesynthesisand biological teachorbitalbeforeasecond
in oneelectronisadded
systems
Whyso
much
variety t Spinsofthesingleelectronin degenerateorbitals bealign
s hould
Forms C
single double Cand
alkenes www.gemmmyy
triple find
CÉÉ of designation whereelectronsare
DEFINITION apictorial placedinanelectron
atombindswithother
elements
OS configuration
N FBrCl1 P B EXAMPLENeon Ne
FunctionalGroups
a
awwwww
DE I 3s
3p
y
I
Alcohol
setofphysicalandchemicalproperties EXAMPLE hydrocarbon I I I2p ashell
the of
Allow division intoclasses methane H
H d OH tf I
compounds
o rganic
Exhibit
characteristicc hemical
reactions
H s 1shell
for
Basis naming
jiff
compounds
o rganic
no groom stateamexcitestate www.ngtn.am
functional alcohol
Aspirin IntheGROUNDSTATEofcarbonelectronsareplacedinaccordancewiththe
s
that energy of
thelowest
quantumchemistryprinciples dictate form carbon
you
Eyo yy y Ifweplacetheelectronsinadifferent
mannerahigher of
level carbonEXCITE
energy
Energyis
released
when theelectronsarerearrangedbacktothegroundstate
AkeneC
AkaneCEC
C T DOTSTRUCTURES
LEWIS
Dots electronsinthevalenceshelloftheatom
R O H
É
Alcohol SHELLoutermostoccupiedelectonshellofanatom
VALENCE
etherR j R Ester R r VALENCEELECTRONS
Amine
a intheformationof
I
Involved chemical andinchemical
bonds reactions
12 pl OCTETRULEmaingroupelementstendtobondinsuchawaythateachatom
givingit same
has
eight
electronsinitsvalenceshell
the electron
Amide R C R
E Y
aldehyde configuration
asanoblegas
R H RuleESPECIALLYapplicableto
carbon
nitrogen and
oxygen group halogen
p showhow thelossofanelectrontomasodiomatomleadstoastable octet
Groundstateelectronconfiguration
ofNaandNat
LINN Naillelectrons 152,221,63s demonstrates
Nath
Eachshellcanholdupto2nelectrons theorbitals s 2s2petc Natlloelectrons 152522ps acompleteocte
n shellnumber LEWISMODELOFBONDINGFORMATIONOFCHEMICALBONDS
Electronsaregroupedinorbital within
subshells
ofthat
ORBITALSregion space can twoelectronsandhasaspecifiedquantized
hold www.wmu.gg on.amyngthatofthenoblegasnearestt
energy inatomicnumber
LECTRONCONFIGURATIONOFATOMS Waysinwhichatoms shells
valence
acquirecompleted
mom ME
É
Atoms ionicwhen
maybe
foranatomoramolecule
that
Atom becomesananion
electrons
gains
AUFBAUBUILDUPPRINCIPLEorbitalsAllin
order
ofincreasingenergy
from
lowest
Atmthatloseselectronsbecomesacation
hyragonofanionsandcations IONIC
up INTERACTION
bond leadstotheformationof
PAULIEXCLUSIONPRINCIPLEnomorethan
twoelectronsmaybepresentinanorbital orionic ioniccrysta
twoelectronsarepresenttheir
spinmaybe
pane to
Anatommayshareelectronswithoneormore atoms complete itsvalenceshell
ORGANICCHEMISTRY
atoms
h
availablebut
bitabofaualenergyare the
Organiccompoundsare
foundeverywhere not
are enough
electrons
tofillallothem
f completely
Manmadesynthesisand biological teachorbitalbeforeasecond
in oneelectronisadded
systems
Whyso
much
variety t Spinsofthesingleelectronin degenerateorbitals bealign
s hould
Forms C
single double Cand
alkenes www.gemmmyy
triple find
CÉÉ of designation whereelectronsare
DEFINITION apictorial placedinanelectron
atombindswithother
elements
OS configuration
N FBrCl1 P B EXAMPLENeon Ne
FunctionalGroups
a
awwwww
DE I 3s
3p
y
I
Alcohol
setofphysicalandchemicalproperties EXAMPLE hydrocarbon I I I2p ashell
the of
Allow division intoclasses methane H
H d OH tf I
compounds
o rganic
Exhibit
characteristicc hemical
reactions
H s 1shell
for
Basis naming
jiff
compounds
o rganic
no groom stateamexcitestate www.ngtn.am
functional alcohol
Aspirin IntheGROUNDSTATEofcarbonelectronsareplacedinaccordancewiththe
s
that energy of
thelowest
quantumchemistryprinciples dictate form carbon
you
Eyo yy y Ifweplacetheelectronsinadifferent
mannerahigher of
level carbonEXCITE
energy
Energyis
released
when theelectronsarerearrangedbacktothegroundstate
AkeneC
AkaneCEC
C T DOTSTRUCTURES
LEWIS
Dots electronsinthevalenceshelloftheatom
R O H
É
Alcohol SHELLoutermostoccupiedelectonshellofanatom
VALENCE
etherR j R Ester R r VALENCEELECTRONS
Amine
a intheformationof
I
Involved chemical andinchemical
bonds reactions
12 pl OCTETRULEmaingroupelementstendtobondinsuchawaythateachatom
givingit same
has
eight
electronsinitsvalenceshell
the electron
Amide R C R
E Y
aldehyde configuration
asanoblegas
R H RuleESPECIALLYapplicableto
carbon
nitrogen and
oxygen group halogen
p showhow thelossofanelectrontomasodiomatomleadstoastable octet
Groundstateelectronconfiguration
ofNaandNat
LINN Naillelectrons 152,221,63s demonstrates
Nath
Eachshellcanholdupto2nelectrons theorbitals s 2s2petc Natlloelectrons 152522ps acompleteocte
n shellnumber LEWISMODELOFBONDINGFORMATIONOFCHEMICALBONDS
Electronsaregroupedinorbital within
subshells
ofthat
ORBITALSregion space can twoelectronsandhasaspecifiedquantized
hold www.wmu.gg on.amyngthatofthenoblegasnearestt
energy inatomicnumber
LECTRONCONFIGURATIONOFATOMS Waysinwhichatoms shells
valence
acquirecompleted
mom ME
É
Atoms ionicwhen
maybe
foranatomoramolecule
that
Atom becomesananion
electrons
gains
AUFBAUBUILDUPPRINCIPLEorbitalsAllin
order
ofincreasingenergy
from
lowest
Atmthatloseselectronsbecomesacation
hyragonofanionsandcations IONIC
up INTERACTION
bond leadstotheformationof
PAULIEXCLUSIONPRINCIPLEnomorethan
twoelectronsmaybepresentinanorbital orionic ioniccrysta
twoelectronsarepresenttheir
spinmaybe
pane to
Anatommayshareelectronswithoneormore atoms complete itsvalenceshell
