Pathoma Chapters 1-3 Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024/2025

Pathoma Chapters 1-3 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025

Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
These processes happen in response to an increased or decreased
stress/stimulus? - ansIncreased
Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
Which involves protein synthesis and production of organelles?
- ansHypertrophy
Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
Which involves activation of Stem Cells? - ansHyperplasia
Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
What are the 3 permanent tissues? - ans1. CNS
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Skeletal Muscle
Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
What defines a Permanent tissue? - ansNo Stem Cells
Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
What is the only Hyperplasia that doesn't have an increased risk
for cancer? - ansBPH
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia:
Which can progress to dysplasia? - ansHyperplasia
Atrophy:
This response happens due to an increase or decrease in
stimulus/stress? - ansDecrease
Atrophy:
Is a decrease in cell size, number or both? - ansBoth
Decrease in Size and Number
Atrophy:

,Pathoma Chapters 1-3 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025

Decrease in cell number occurs via apoptosis or necrosis? -
ansApoptosis
Atrophy:
Decrease in cell size occurs via which pathway? -
ansUbiquitinization
Metaplasia:
What are the 3 kinds of Epithelium? - ans1. Squamous
2. Transitional
3. Columnar
Metaplasia:
What disease is a classic example of this process? - ansBarret's
Esophagus
Metaplasia:
Barret's Esophagus is a change of epithelium from what type to
what type? - ansSquamous to Columnar
Metaplasia:
Occurs via reprogramming of what cells? - ansStem Cells
Metaplasia:
Does this process increase risk of CA? - ansYes
Metaplasia:
What is the only metaplasia that does not increase risk of CA? -
ansApocrine Metaplasia of Breast
i.e. Fibrocystic Changes
What is the difference between Aplasia and Hypoplasia? -
ansAplasia = Failure of Cell production during embryogenesis
Hypoplasia = Decreased Cell production during embryogenesis
Oxygen Delivery:
Hypoxia is an inability to get Oxygen to what? - ansTissue

, Pathoma Chapters 1-3 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025

Oxygen Delivery:
Hypoxemia is an inability to get Oxygen to what? - ansBlood
Oxygen Delivery:
What is FiO2? - ansPercent of O2 in Air we breath
Oxygen Delivery:
What are the 3 Important components of FiO2? - ans1. Oxygen
2. CO2
3. Nitrogen
Oxygen Delivery:
What is PAO2? - ansPercent of O2 in Alveolus
Oxygen Delivery:
What are the 2 important components of PAO2? - ans1. Oxygen
2. CO2
Oxygen Delivery:
What is the relationship between Oxygen and CO2 in Alveolus?
- ansOxygen = 1/CO2
Oxygen Delivery:
What is the relationship between CO2 and Ventilation in
Alveolus? - ansVentilation = 1/CO2
Oxygen Delivery:
What is PaO2? - ansOxygen dissolved in blood
Oxygen Delivery:
FiO2 → PAO2 → PaO2 → SaO2;
What do the 3 arrows represent? - ans1st Arrow = Airway
2nd Arrow = O2 transfer from Lung to Blood i.e. Diffusion
3rd Arrow = O2 transfer from Blood to Hb
Oxygen Delivery:
FiO2 → PAO2 → PaO2 → SaO2;