NSC 232 exam 2 Questions With Answers Graded A+ Assured Success

problems with urination (altered amount) - ️️oliguria - less than 30 ml in one hour -small amount, >500 a day anuria - less than 100 ml in 24 hours -without urine polyuria- greater than 2,000 ml in 24 hours -excessive urine characteristics of urine - ️️VOLUME-it's a #, ml or oz -balances what they take in COLOR, CLARITY - normal = light yellow, clarity = clean ODOR- no distinctive smell -poor odor - infection -diabetic-fruity STERILITY-urine is sterile how to prevent UTI - ️️6-8 glasses of water/day pee every 2-4 hrs avoid bubble baths and tight clothes cotton rather than nylon wipe front to back take showers problems with urination (retention) - ️️retention - when they pee but are still retaining urine beyond that -blocking normal urine flow -obstruction of urethra Process of micturition - ️️1. urine collects in bladder 2. pressure stimulates special stretch receptors in bladder wall 3. stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord voiding reflex center 4. internal sphincter relaxes, stimulating the urge to void 5. If appropriate, the conscious portion of the brain relaxes the external urethral sphincter muscle 6. urine eliminated the urethra Factors affecting urinary elimination - ️️life style factors - alcohol, exercise, diet psychosocial activity/exercise developmental factors - old, young issues physiological factors - may need a devicecharacteristics of urine continued - ️️pH - 4.5 -8.0 (acidic most in mornings) SPECIFIC GRAVITY- (1.010 - 1.025) tells how well kidneys are concentrating urine GLUCOSE -shouldnt have any KETONE BODIES- no ketones (it's the breakdown of fatty acids) BLOOD- shouldn't have any, if there is it may be bc of infection or kidney stones Problems with urination (dysuria) - ️️dysuria- painful or difficult urination -UTI, kidney infection problems with urination (enuresis) - ️️enuresis- involuntary urination, especially at night (common in kids) problems with urination (urinary obstruction) - ️️Kidney stones Sludge (mucous, sediment in kidneys to ureter) Swelling Physiology of urinary elimination - ️️-void, urinatinon, micturition -volume of 250-450 ml pressure rises -cerebral cortex is the final control problems with urination (UTI) - ️️urinary tract infection frequency, small amounts, burning, cloudy, pelvic pain (MADI LITTLE) problems with urination (urinary incontinence) - ️️urinary incontinence - loss of urine, involuntarily -leaking, problem with the sphincter problems with urination (urinary diversion) - ️️surgical way of rerouting urine from it's normal pathway -used for diseased or defected urthrea, bladders or ureters urinary problems (continued) urinary incontinence - ️️urinary incontinence characteristics: stress incontinence - laughing, sneezing urge incontinence - UTI total incontinence - spinchter doesn't hold urine well, leaks a lot related factors to urinary problems - ️️muscle function bladder infection impaired ability? environmental barriersurinary problems (urinary retention) - ️️characteristics unable to void - fullness, can't pee overflow incontinence - catheter is in too long and doesn't feel the stretch of the bladder urinary assessment - ️️measuring urinary output indwelling cath - empty into graduate voiding - ise urine hat or urinal urinary assessment continued - ️️measure residual urine pt voids - in and out cath to check urine left in bladder