L.lt 2 .
:
Hardware
CPU
Design
Control Unit ( CU )
Controls execution of each instruction .
using the system dock .
↳ Data fetched from stored CU ALU
registers
in
memory
or
Arithmetic Unit CALU)
Logic
Does calculations and
logical comparisons
↳ Stored in accumulator
Registers
store current instructions and its data
↳
Registers are static RAM ( SRAM)
fast
Very
↳
Serial
Processing
Processing 7 instruction at a time .
Parallel Processing
Breaking up and
running instructions on
multiple microprocessors
↳ Allowed
Hyperthreading :
processor Go
sets of instructions
appear
to execute 2
simultaneously
↳ CPU
.
appears
like 2
logical CPU's
Multiprocessing Having :
multiple cores on
single CPU
↳ 2
physical cores
hyperthreaded into 4
logical cores
Processor Cache
Stores data thatso future requests can be served faster
↳ SRAM
Cache Memory Levels :
7. Ll chip same speed :
as CPU internal speed
Small amount
memory
of
2. L2 chip :
Smaller than 11 ; Half the speed
Cache located on CPU
3. 13 chip :
larger and slower
On motherboard
CPU checks 11 then 12 then 13 then RAM
,RAM
-
Stores currently used t data
programs
-
Most common RAM :
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM
DRAM RAM
Dynamic
- -
-
SDRAM
Synchronous DRAM
- :
Latency
Time taken for component to
respond
Types of
Memory
7 .
Registers
2 .
On chip cache
3 .
Off chip cache
4 Main
memory
.
Local
storage
5 .
secondary
b. Remote
secondary storage
Motherboard
Connects components devices
together
-
t
System Clock
Microchip that
regulates timing t
speed of
computer functions
Overclocking
Achieved
by : •
Increasing system clock Per Component :
CPU
changes own clock
•
Increase clock multiplication factor
Whole
↳ AKA Clock Multiplication
System System clock is
changes
:
.
Speed us .
Throughput
Speed : Bandwidth theoretical speed of data
-
Throughput : Actual data speed .
Front side Bus / Internal Bus
CPU and RAM
FBS
Usually connect
:
Data Bus
Transfer info or data between CPU and RAM
Control Bus
Carries commands between CPU and RAM
, External Busses
To attach external devices
↳ PCIe Connect
:
GPU ; RAID card ; Wifi card i SSD
SATA Connect
:
mass
storage device to motherboard
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
USB :
Standardise connection of peripherals
NV Me :
Non Volatile
Memory Express : connect SSD to motherboard
M 2.
:
Increase SSD speed ,
decrease size
Other of
types Caching
Caching technique nob limited to CPU
Disk Cache
Hardware mechanism to improve read Iwrite speeds Go HD
↳ Stored in RAM
Browser Cache
When website is accessed ,
copy
of site s bored in browser cache
↳ Stored on HDD
Website will load faster after saved .
Web Cache
Stores accessed web network
recently
in
pages on a server a
:
Hardware
CPU
Design
Control Unit ( CU )
Controls execution of each instruction .
using the system dock .
↳ Data fetched from stored CU ALU
registers
in
memory
or
Arithmetic Unit CALU)
Logic
Does calculations and
logical comparisons
↳ Stored in accumulator
Registers
store current instructions and its data
↳
Registers are static RAM ( SRAM)
fast
Very
↳
Serial
Processing
Processing 7 instruction at a time .
Parallel Processing
Breaking up and
running instructions on
multiple microprocessors
↳ Allowed
Hyperthreading :
processor Go
sets of instructions
appear
to execute 2
simultaneously
↳ CPU
.
appears
like 2
logical CPU's
Multiprocessing Having :
multiple cores on
single CPU
↳ 2
physical cores
hyperthreaded into 4
logical cores
Processor Cache
Stores data thatso future requests can be served faster
↳ SRAM
Cache Memory Levels :
7. Ll chip same speed :
as CPU internal speed
Small amount
memory
of
2. L2 chip :
Smaller than 11 ; Half the speed
Cache located on CPU
3. 13 chip :
larger and slower
On motherboard
CPU checks 11 then 12 then 13 then RAM
,RAM
-
Stores currently used t data
programs
-
Most common RAM :
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM
DRAM RAM
Dynamic
- -
-
SDRAM
Synchronous DRAM
- :
Latency
Time taken for component to
respond
Types of
Memory
7 .
Registers
2 .
On chip cache
3 .
Off chip cache
4 Main
memory
.
Local
storage
5 .
secondary
b. Remote
secondary storage
Motherboard
Connects components devices
together
-
t
System Clock
Microchip that
regulates timing t
speed of
computer functions
Overclocking
Achieved
by : •
Increasing system clock Per Component :
CPU
changes own clock
•
Increase clock multiplication factor
Whole
↳ AKA Clock Multiplication
System System clock is
changes
:
.
Speed us .
Throughput
Speed : Bandwidth theoretical speed of data
-
Throughput : Actual data speed .
Front side Bus / Internal Bus
CPU and RAM
FBS
Usually connect
:
Data Bus
Transfer info or data between CPU and RAM
Control Bus
Carries commands between CPU and RAM
, External Busses
To attach external devices
↳ PCIe Connect
:
GPU ; RAID card ; Wifi card i SSD
SATA Connect
:
mass
storage device to motherboard
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
USB :
Standardise connection of peripherals
NV Me :
Non Volatile
Memory Express : connect SSD to motherboard
M 2.
:
Increase SSD speed ,
decrease size
Other of
types Caching
Caching technique nob limited to CPU
Disk Cache
Hardware mechanism to improve read Iwrite speeds Go HD
↳ Stored in RAM
Browser Cache
When website is accessed ,
copy
of site s bored in browser cache
↳ Stored on HDD
Website will load faster after saved .
Web Cache
Stores accessed web network
recently
in
pages on a server a
