Chapter 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
(Answers are at the End of Each Chapter)
1. In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
A) cell envelope.
B) cell membrane.
C) nucleoid.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosomes.
2. A major change occurring in the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was the
S
development of:
A) DNA.
D
B) photosynthetic capability.
C) plasma membranes.
AN
D) ribosomes.
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E) the nucleus.
SH
3. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:
A) cell membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nucleolus.
ES
D) nucleoplasm.
E) nucleosome.
C
4. The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of
biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of
C
solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and
diameters in the range of:
SU
A) 0.1 m to 10 m.
B) 0.3 m to 30 m.
C) 0.3 m to 100 m.
D) 1 m to 100 m.
E) 1 m to 300 m.
5. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in
extreme environments?
A) bacteria
B) archaea
C) eukaryotes
D) heterotrophs
E) None of the answers is correct.
1
, 6. The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy—it
istherefore a:
A) chemoautotroph.
B) chemoheterotroph.©©
C) lithotroph.
D) photoautotroph.
E) photoheterotroph.
7. Which is a list of organelles?
A) mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
B) peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
C) proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes
D) mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes
S
E) All of the answers are correct.
D
8. Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of INCREASING size?
AN
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A) amino acid < protein < mitochondrion < ribosome
B) amino acid < protein < ribosome < mitochondrion
C) amino acid < ribosome < protein < mitochondrion
SH
D) protein < amino acid < mitochondrion < ribosome
E) protein < ribosome < mitochondrion < amino acid
ES
9. The three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily
through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is NOT considered a
noncovalent interaction?
A) carbon-carbon bonds
C
B) hydrogen bonds
C) hydrophobic interactions
C
D) ionic interactions
E) van der Waals interactions
SU
10. Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms?
A) carbon
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen
E) phosphorus
11. The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give
whichgeometry?
A) linear
B) tetrahedral
C) trigonal bipyramidal
D) trigonal planar
E) trigonal pyramidal
2
,12. What functional groups are present on this molecule?
A) ether and aldehyde
B) hydroxyl and aldehyde
C) hydroxyl and carboxylic acid
D) hydroxyl and ester
E) hydroxyl and ketone
S
D
13. The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information
are:
AN
A) carbohydrates.
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B) lipids.
C) membranes.
D) nucleic acids.
SH
E) proteins.
14. Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:
ES
A) anomers.
B) cis-trans isomers.
C) diastereoisomers.
C
D) enantiomers.
E) geometric isomers.
C
SU
15. The catalog of all proteins functioning in a cell is the:
A) metabolome.
B) proteasome.
C) lysosome.
D) proteome.
E) genome.
16. Use the terms a) chemoautotrophs, b) chemoheterotrophs, c) photoautotrophs, and d)
photoheterotrophs and identify the answer that CORRECTLY finishes the statement:
Carnivores are and herbivores are _.
A) b; c
B) b; d
C) b; b
D) a; b
E) a; a
3
, 17. The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to l-malate, but
it will not catalyze the hydration of maleic acid, the cis isomer of fumaric acid. This is
an example of:
A) biological activity.
B) chiral activity.
C) racemization.
D) stereoisomerization.
E) stereospecificity.
18. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and
degrading it. This is an example of a(n):
S
A) dynamic steady state.
B) equilibrium state.
D
C) exergonic change.
D) free-energy change.
AN
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E) waste of energy. SH
19. If heat energy is absorbed by the system during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said
to be:
A) at equilibrium.
B) endergonic.
ES
C) endothermic.
D) exergonic.
E) exothermic.
C
20. If the free energy change G for a reaction is –46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:
C
A) at equilibrium.
B) endergonic.
SU
C) endothermic.
D) exergonic.
E) exothermic.
21. The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:
A) acetyl triphosphate.
B) adenosine monophosphate.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) cytosine tetraphosphate.
E) uridine diphosphate.
22. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
A) decreasing the activation energy.
B) decreasing the amount of free energy released.
4
(Answers are at the End of Each Chapter)
1. In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
A) cell envelope.
B) cell membrane.
C) nucleoid.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosomes.
2. A major change occurring in the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was the
S
development of:
A) DNA.
D
B) photosynthetic capability.
C) plasma membranes.
AN
D) ribosomes.
SUCCESSHANDS©2024 ✅👌💯😒
E) the nucleus.
SH
3. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:
A) cell membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nucleolus.
ES
D) nucleoplasm.
E) nucleosome.
C
4. The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of
biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of
C
solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and
diameters in the range of:
SU
A) 0.1 m to 10 m.
B) 0.3 m to 30 m.
C) 0.3 m to 100 m.
D) 1 m to 100 m.
E) 1 m to 300 m.
5. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in
extreme environments?
A) bacteria
B) archaea
C) eukaryotes
D) heterotrophs
E) None of the answers is correct.
1
, 6. The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy—it
istherefore a:
A) chemoautotroph.
B) chemoheterotroph.©©
C) lithotroph.
D) photoautotroph.
E) photoheterotroph.
7. Which is a list of organelles?
A) mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
B) peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
C) proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes
D) mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes
S
E) All of the answers are correct.
D
8. Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of INCREASING size?
AN
SUCCESSHANDS©2024 ✅👌💯😒
A) amino acid < protein < mitochondrion < ribosome
B) amino acid < protein < ribosome < mitochondrion
C) amino acid < ribosome < protein < mitochondrion
SH
D) protein < amino acid < mitochondrion < ribosome
E) protein < ribosome < mitochondrion < amino acid
ES
9. The three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily
through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is NOT considered a
noncovalent interaction?
A) carbon-carbon bonds
C
B) hydrogen bonds
C) hydrophobic interactions
C
D) ionic interactions
E) van der Waals interactions
SU
10. Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms?
A) carbon
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen
E) phosphorus
11. The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give
whichgeometry?
A) linear
B) tetrahedral
C) trigonal bipyramidal
D) trigonal planar
E) trigonal pyramidal
2
,12. What functional groups are present on this molecule?
A) ether and aldehyde
B) hydroxyl and aldehyde
C) hydroxyl and carboxylic acid
D) hydroxyl and ester
E) hydroxyl and ketone
S
D
13. The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information
are:
AN
A) carbohydrates.
SUCCESSHANDS©2024 ✅👌💯😒
B) lipids.
C) membranes.
D) nucleic acids.
SH
E) proteins.
14. Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:
ES
A) anomers.
B) cis-trans isomers.
C) diastereoisomers.
C
D) enantiomers.
E) geometric isomers.
C
SU
15. The catalog of all proteins functioning in a cell is the:
A) metabolome.
B) proteasome.
C) lysosome.
D) proteome.
E) genome.
16. Use the terms a) chemoautotrophs, b) chemoheterotrophs, c) photoautotrophs, and d)
photoheterotrophs and identify the answer that CORRECTLY finishes the statement:
Carnivores are and herbivores are _.
A) b; c
B) b; d
C) b; b
D) a; b
E) a; a
3
, 17. The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to l-malate, but
it will not catalyze the hydration of maleic acid, the cis isomer of fumaric acid. This is
an example of:
A) biological activity.
B) chiral activity.
C) racemization.
D) stereoisomerization.
E) stereospecificity.
18. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and
degrading it. This is an example of a(n):
S
A) dynamic steady state.
B) equilibrium state.
D
C) exergonic change.
D) free-energy change.
AN
SUCCESSHANDS©2024 ✅👌💯😒
E) waste of energy. SH
19. If heat energy is absorbed by the system during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said
to be:
A) at equilibrium.
B) endergonic.
ES
C) endothermic.
D) exergonic.
E) exothermic.
C
20. If the free energy change G for a reaction is –46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:
C
A) at equilibrium.
B) endergonic.
SU
C) endothermic.
D) exergonic.
E) exothermic.
21. The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:
A) acetyl triphosphate.
B) adenosine monophosphate.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) cytosine tetraphosphate.
E) uridine diphosphate.
22. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
A) decreasing the activation energy.
B) decreasing the amount of free energy released.
4
