Midterm Exam: NSG 527
Acetylcholine - ANSWER involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and
sleep?
acetylcholine - ANSWER Too much ___?_____is associated with depression, and
too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia.
Dopamine - ANSWER correlated with movement, attention, and learning?
Dopamine - ANSWER Too much__________?has been associated with
schizophrenia, and too little_________? is associated with some forms of depression
as well as the muscular rigidity and tremors found in Parkinson's disease.
Norepinephrine - ANSWER associated with eating, alertness?
Norepinephrine - ANSWER Too little _______? has been associated with
depression, while an excess has been associated with schizophrenia.
Epinephrine - ANSWER involved in energy, and glucose metabolism?
Serotonin - ANSWER plays a role in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and
aggressive behavior?
serotonin - ANSWER Too little_______? is associated with depression and some
anxiety disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some antidepressant
medications increase the availability of _________? at the receptor sites
GABA - ANSWER inhibits excitation and anxiety?
GABA - ANSWER Too little ______?is associated with anxiety and anxiety
disorders. Some antianxiety medication increases _____?at the receptor sites.
Endorphins - ANSWER involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure and
contentedness?
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER • Executive functioning and personality
• Maintain and focus attention
• Organize thinking, planning, speech, and motor activities
• Weigh consequences
• Set goals
• Modulate emotions
• Integrate ideas, emotions, and perceptions
• Shapes personality?
Parietal lobe - ANSWER • Body sensations
• Motor activities, attention and perception of spatial relations
• Processes sensory impulses from the thalamus
,• Maintains focused attention
• Registers acts of aggression
• Wernicke's area located in the left temporoparietal junction is responsible for the
comprehension of speech??
Temporal lobe - ANSWER • Emotion and memory circuits
• Hearing, learning, memory circuits, sexual identity, and processing of auditory
stimuli
• Gives emotional tone to memories
• Is involved in making moral judgments
Occipital lobe - ANSWER • Vision
• Visual memory
• Reading
• language formation
• reception of vestibular, acoustic, and tactile stimuli
Cerebrum - ANSWER • Functions as an auxiliary structure for the entire cerebral
cortex
• Posture and balance in walking
• Sequential movements required in eating and writing
• Control speed and acceleration of movement
• Involved in smooth eye movement
• Cognition and language
• Memory and impulse control
Brainstem (Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain) - ANSWER • Medulla oblongata-
regulation of blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. Reflex center for vomiting
coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping.
• Pons- Relays information from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum
• Midbrain- control many sensory and motor functions including eye movement
Locus ceruleus - ANSWER • Produces norepinephrine
• Activity maintains arousal
• Inactivity allows sleep
Dorsal raphe - ANSWER • Produces serotonin
• Control sleep wake cycle
Reticular activating system (RAS) - ANSWER • Involved in arousal and sleep- the
"toggle switch"
• Switches the cerebral cortex on when individual is relaxed
• Switches limbic system on when there is a threat
• Regulates thalamus and cortex activities that are involved in emotions
• Involved in processing pain and in regulation of heartrate, breathing, perspiration,
swallowing, coughing, salivation, urination, and sexual arousal
Reticular activating system (RAS) - ANSWER • Involved in arousal and sleep- the
"toggle switch"
• Switches the cerebral cortex on when individual is relaxed
, • Switches limbic system on when there is a threat
• Regulates thalamus and cortex activities that are involved in emotions
• Involved in processing pain and in regulation of heartrate, breathing, perspiration,
swallowing, coughing, salivation, urination, and sexual arousal
Hypothalamus - ANSWER • Bridges internal homeostasis and outside environment
• Involved with raw emotions of pleasure, reward, aversion, and rage
• Regulates the autonomic nervous system and secretion of pituitary hormones
• Involved in hunger, thirst, water balance, regulation of temperature, circadian
rhythms, and stress response
Thalamus - ANSWER • Gaits information to the neocortex
• Processes information coming from the 5 senses and information coming from the
amygdala and cerebellum before it goes to the neocortex
• Involved in wakefulness, sleep, and pain perception
Amygdala - ANSWER • Anxiety and anger
• Generates rudimentary emotions such as fear, rage, religious ecstasy, and sexual
desire
• Surveys the environment
• Regulates fear and response to stress
• Evaluates expression of friendliness, fear, love, affection, distrust, and anger
• Contributes to emotional memories, especially fear
• Seeks attachment indiscriminately
Insula - ANSWER • Involved in negative emotions: disgust, pain, hunger, empathy,
and callousness
Cingulate cortex - ANSWER • Links emotions to actions and predicts the
consequences of actions.
• Involved in experiencing intense love, anger, or lost.
• Activated when mother here's her infant cry.
• Involved into detecting how others feel and reaching to others emotions.
• Registers social rejection.
• Adjust behavior to social context.
Hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus - ANSWER the memory structures
• regulates information coming to the neocortex.
• Involved in memory, learning, long-term memories, and retrieval of information.
• Builds cognitive maps of individual in relation to time, place, and past and present
experiences.
• Assigns the time and place to an event.
Septal nuclei - ANSWER Quiets and dampens down responses of rage.
• Involves in socialization and development of enduring emotional attachments.
• Regulates hippocampal memory related activity.
• Involved in pleasure and reward
Nucleus accumbens - ANSWER Modulates the limbic system.
• Involved in reward and pleasure circuit.
Acetylcholine - ANSWER involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and
sleep?
acetylcholine - ANSWER Too much ___?_____is associated with depression, and
too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia.
Dopamine - ANSWER correlated with movement, attention, and learning?
Dopamine - ANSWER Too much__________?has been associated with
schizophrenia, and too little_________? is associated with some forms of depression
as well as the muscular rigidity and tremors found in Parkinson's disease.
Norepinephrine - ANSWER associated with eating, alertness?
Norepinephrine - ANSWER Too little _______? has been associated with
depression, while an excess has been associated with schizophrenia.
Epinephrine - ANSWER involved in energy, and glucose metabolism?
Serotonin - ANSWER plays a role in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and
aggressive behavior?
serotonin - ANSWER Too little_______? is associated with depression and some
anxiety disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some antidepressant
medications increase the availability of _________? at the receptor sites
GABA - ANSWER inhibits excitation and anxiety?
GABA - ANSWER Too little ______?is associated with anxiety and anxiety
disorders. Some antianxiety medication increases _____?at the receptor sites.
Endorphins - ANSWER involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure and
contentedness?
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER • Executive functioning and personality
• Maintain and focus attention
• Organize thinking, planning, speech, and motor activities
• Weigh consequences
• Set goals
• Modulate emotions
• Integrate ideas, emotions, and perceptions
• Shapes personality?
Parietal lobe - ANSWER • Body sensations
• Motor activities, attention and perception of spatial relations
• Processes sensory impulses from the thalamus
,• Maintains focused attention
• Registers acts of aggression
• Wernicke's area located in the left temporoparietal junction is responsible for the
comprehension of speech??
Temporal lobe - ANSWER • Emotion and memory circuits
• Hearing, learning, memory circuits, sexual identity, and processing of auditory
stimuli
• Gives emotional tone to memories
• Is involved in making moral judgments
Occipital lobe - ANSWER • Vision
• Visual memory
• Reading
• language formation
• reception of vestibular, acoustic, and tactile stimuli
Cerebrum - ANSWER • Functions as an auxiliary structure for the entire cerebral
cortex
• Posture and balance in walking
• Sequential movements required in eating and writing
• Control speed and acceleration of movement
• Involved in smooth eye movement
• Cognition and language
• Memory and impulse control
Brainstem (Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain) - ANSWER • Medulla oblongata-
regulation of blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. Reflex center for vomiting
coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping.
• Pons- Relays information from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum
• Midbrain- control many sensory and motor functions including eye movement
Locus ceruleus - ANSWER • Produces norepinephrine
• Activity maintains arousal
• Inactivity allows sleep
Dorsal raphe - ANSWER • Produces serotonin
• Control sleep wake cycle
Reticular activating system (RAS) - ANSWER • Involved in arousal and sleep- the
"toggle switch"
• Switches the cerebral cortex on when individual is relaxed
• Switches limbic system on when there is a threat
• Regulates thalamus and cortex activities that are involved in emotions
• Involved in processing pain and in regulation of heartrate, breathing, perspiration,
swallowing, coughing, salivation, urination, and sexual arousal
Reticular activating system (RAS) - ANSWER • Involved in arousal and sleep- the
"toggle switch"
• Switches the cerebral cortex on when individual is relaxed
, • Switches limbic system on when there is a threat
• Regulates thalamus and cortex activities that are involved in emotions
• Involved in processing pain and in regulation of heartrate, breathing, perspiration,
swallowing, coughing, salivation, urination, and sexual arousal
Hypothalamus - ANSWER • Bridges internal homeostasis and outside environment
• Involved with raw emotions of pleasure, reward, aversion, and rage
• Regulates the autonomic nervous system and secretion of pituitary hormones
• Involved in hunger, thirst, water balance, regulation of temperature, circadian
rhythms, and stress response
Thalamus - ANSWER • Gaits information to the neocortex
• Processes information coming from the 5 senses and information coming from the
amygdala and cerebellum before it goes to the neocortex
• Involved in wakefulness, sleep, and pain perception
Amygdala - ANSWER • Anxiety and anger
• Generates rudimentary emotions such as fear, rage, religious ecstasy, and sexual
desire
• Surveys the environment
• Regulates fear and response to stress
• Evaluates expression of friendliness, fear, love, affection, distrust, and anger
• Contributes to emotional memories, especially fear
• Seeks attachment indiscriminately
Insula - ANSWER • Involved in negative emotions: disgust, pain, hunger, empathy,
and callousness
Cingulate cortex - ANSWER • Links emotions to actions and predicts the
consequences of actions.
• Involved in experiencing intense love, anger, or lost.
• Activated when mother here's her infant cry.
• Involved into detecting how others feel and reaching to others emotions.
• Registers social rejection.
• Adjust behavior to social context.
Hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus - ANSWER the memory structures
• regulates information coming to the neocortex.
• Involved in memory, learning, long-term memories, and retrieval of information.
• Builds cognitive maps of individual in relation to time, place, and past and present
experiences.
• Assigns the time and place to an event.
Septal nuclei - ANSWER Quiets and dampens down responses of rage.
• Involves in socialization and development of enduring emotional attachments.
• Regulates hippocampal memory related activity.
• Involved in pleasure and reward
Nucleus accumbens - ANSWER Modulates the limbic system.
• Involved in reward and pleasure circuit.
