BIOL 373: Midterm 1 Review
Physiology - correct answer ✔✔the science of the function of living systems (study of homeostatic
mechanisms)
Homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔maintenance of relatively stable internal environment
Types of feedback - correct answer ✔✔negative, positive, feedforward
Types of cell-cell communication - correct answer ✔✔Endocrine, neural, neuro-endocrine
Endocrine communication - correct answer ✔✔Chemical (hormone) released into bloodstream
Neural communication - correct answer ✔✔electrical signal travels down neutron, is translated into a
chemical signal (neurotransmitter) which transmits info to next cell
Neuro-endocrine communication - correct answer ✔✔Electrical signal translated into chemical signal,
which is secreted into the blood
Hydrophobic receptors are located (inside/outside) the cell - correct answer ✔✔Inside
Hydrophilic receptors are located (inside/outside) the cell - correct answer ✔✔Outside
When compensation fails in homeostasis, what happens? - correct answer ✔✔illness
What is the second messenger molecule associated with GPCRs? - correct answer ✔✔cyclic AMP
What is the amplifier enzyme for cAMP? - correct answer ✔✔adenylyl cyclase
, What are the two primary ways to modulate signal pathways? - correct answer ✔✔Change receptor
number or sensitivity
Agonist - correct answer ✔✔A mimic that activates the receptor when bound
Antagonist - correct answer ✔✔A blocker that binds to but doesn't activate a receptor
When a G protein is bound to GDP it is in what state? - correct answer ✔✔inactive
What does a G protein need to be bound to to be in its active state? - correct answer ✔✔GTP
In cholera, the cholera toxin interferes with GPCR leading to _____ _______ - correct answer
✔✔persistent activation
What is cannon's first postulate? - correct answer ✔✔the nervous system works to preserve conditions
that are compatible with normal organismal function
What is cannon's second postulate? - correct answer ✔✔Many systems maintain a tonic level of activity
What is cannon's third postulate? - correct answer ✔✔Systems that are not under tonic control are
usually under antagonistic control (nervous, endocrine)
What is cannon's fourth postulate? - correct answer ✔✔The same chemical signal can have different
effects in different tissues in the body depending on the type of receptor present
At how many weeks does the brain start developing subcomponents of the forebrain, midbrain, and
hindbrain? - correct answer ✔✔6
What structures are developed from the forebrain? - correct answer ✔✔diencephalon, cerebrum
What structures are developed from the hindbrain? - correct answer ✔✔medulla, cerebellum, pons
Physiology - correct answer ✔✔the science of the function of living systems (study of homeostatic
mechanisms)
Homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔maintenance of relatively stable internal environment
Types of feedback - correct answer ✔✔negative, positive, feedforward
Types of cell-cell communication - correct answer ✔✔Endocrine, neural, neuro-endocrine
Endocrine communication - correct answer ✔✔Chemical (hormone) released into bloodstream
Neural communication - correct answer ✔✔electrical signal travels down neutron, is translated into a
chemical signal (neurotransmitter) which transmits info to next cell
Neuro-endocrine communication - correct answer ✔✔Electrical signal translated into chemical signal,
which is secreted into the blood
Hydrophobic receptors are located (inside/outside) the cell - correct answer ✔✔Inside
Hydrophilic receptors are located (inside/outside) the cell - correct answer ✔✔Outside
When compensation fails in homeostasis, what happens? - correct answer ✔✔illness
What is the second messenger molecule associated with GPCRs? - correct answer ✔✔cyclic AMP
What is the amplifier enzyme for cAMP? - correct answer ✔✔adenylyl cyclase
, What are the two primary ways to modulate signal pathways? - correct answer ✔✔Change receptor
number or sensitivity
Agonist - correct answer ✔✔A mimic that activates the receptor when bound
Antagonist - correct answer ✔✔A blocker that binds to but doesn't activate a receptor
When a G protein is bound to GDP it is in what state? - correct answer ✔✔inactive
What does a G protein need to be bound to to be in its active state? - correct answer ✔✔GTP
In cholera, the cholera toxin interferes with GPCR leading to _____ _______ - correct answer
✔✔persistent activation
What is cannon's first postulate? - correct answer ✔✔the nervous system works to preserve conditions
that are compatible with normal organismal function
What is cannon's second postulate? - correct answer ✔✔Many systems maintain a tonic level of activity
What is cannon's third postulate? - correct answer ✔✔Systems that are not under tonic control are
usually under antagonistic control (nervous, endocrine)
What is cannon's fourth postulate? - correct answer ✔✔The same chemical signal can have different
effects in different tissues in the body depending on the type of receptor present
At how many weeks does the brain start developing subcomponents of the forebrain, midbrain, and
hindbrain? - correct answer ✔✔6
What structures are developed from the forebrain? - correct answer ✔✔diencephalon, cerebrum
What structures are developed from the hindbrain? - correct answer ✔✔medulla, cerebellum, pons
