Formulacard Business Research Methods

Statistics for Management and Economics, Ninth Edition

Formulas


Numerical Descriptive techniques

Population mean

N

∑x i =1
i
μ =
N

Sample mean

n

∑x
i =1
i
x=
n

Range

Largest observation - Smallest observation

Population variance

N

∑( x − μ )
i =1
i
2

σ2 =
N

Sample variance

n

∑ (x
i =1
i − x)2
s2 =
n −1
Population standard deviation

σ = σ2

Sample standard deviation

s= s2

Population covariance

, N

∑( x
i =1
i − μ x )( y i − μ y )
σ xy =
N

Sample covariance

n

∑( x
i =1
i − x )( y i − y )
s xy =
n −1

Population coefficient of correlation

σ xy
ρ=
σ xσ y

Sample coefficient of correlation

s xy
r=
sxsy

Coefficient of determination

R2 = r2

Slope coefficient

s xy
b1 =
s x2

y-intercept

b0 = y − b1 x


Probability

Conditional probability

P(A|B) = P(A and B)/P(B)

Complement rule

C
P( A ) = 1 – P(A)

Multiplication rule

P(A and B) = P(A|B)P(B)