MIP 302 Final exam with Answers to Questions
metabolic antagonism (antibiotics) - ✔✔Usually resemble p-aminobenzoic acid,
which is a precursor in the folic acid process. Bacteria synthesize their own folic acid, so
if these chemicals are present in high enough quantities, the bacteria will undergo
multiple unsuccessful attempts to synthesize folic acid and will then die without it
what type of antibiotics use metabolic antagonism as their mechanism? -
✔✔sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Kirby-Bauer Test - ✔✔The test to determine the efficacy of antibiotics or the
antibiotic resistance of bacteria.
what are the key aspects of a Kirby-Bauer test? - ✔✔1. inoculum
2. medium
3. antibiotic
4. incubation
5. interpretation
binary fission - ✔✔A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by
which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
genetic recombination - ✔✔The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a
genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents.
what are the 3 methods of genetic recombination? - ✔✔transformation,
transduction, conjugation
,transformation - ✔✔A method of genetic recombination where a living cell takes up a
piece of naked, free DNA that came from a dead cell that lysed. If the living cell does not
destroy the foreign DNA (either a chromosome or a plasmid), it'll express those genes
conjugation - ✔✔A method of genetic recombination where two living bacterial cells
come in direct contact (cell to cell) with each other. The donor cell carries the genes
required for conjugation on a plasmid, some of which code for producing a pilus. The
donor is known as F+ (F = fertility factor). The plasmid gets transferred to an F- recipient
cell (does not initially have these genes), changing it into an F+ cell. The recipient is now
also capable of conjugation.
bacteriophage vector - ✔✔harbors DNA as an insert "packaged" inside the phage
particle
generalized transduction - ✔✔A phage infects a bacterial cell and begins viral
replication within the cell. It accidentally incorporates part of the host's bacterial
genome in its viral genetic material. Then, when the phage replicates and infects other
cells, these bacterial genes that hitch a ride will also be passed along to new infected
cells and their progeny, which express them.
lysogenic phage - ✔✔temperate phage; does not immediately kill the host cell
specialized transduction - ✔✔A lysogenic phage is excised from the bacterial
chromosome along with a portion of neighboring DNA (this is a specific region). When a
phage containing the DNA infects another bacterial cell, the bacterial genes are also
passed along and expressed by new host cells and their progeny.
What's the difference between generalized and specialized transduction? -
✔✔generalized = random part of the bacterial genome is incorporated into the
phage's viral genome
, specialized = a specific portion of the genome is incorporated into the phage's viral
genome
antibiotic resistance - ✔✔the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an
antibiotic; often spread throughout bacteria using genetic recombination
what are possible outcomes of genetic recombination in bacteria? - ✔✔- antibiotic
resistance genes being spread around to previously susceptible/vulnerable populations
of bacteria
- nonpathogenic bacteria acquiring genes that code for virulence (making them
pathogenic)
virus - ✔✔A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living
cell.
viral agent - ✔✔a term used to describe viruses instead of "microorganism", since
they are not alive
what are the "non-living" characteristics or traits viruses have? - ✔✔- inert
(completely inactive) unless inside a host cell
- acellular (do not have a cellular structure); they're only nucleic acid and a protein shell
- they do not ingest food or generate energy (no metabolism)
what are the "living" characteristics or traits viruses have? - ✔✔- produce progeny
when inside a host cell (they replicate, not reproduce)
- have genetic material that is passed down to progeny
- infectious agents (transmitted from one host to another)
metabolic antagonism (antibiotics) - ✔✔Usually resemble p-aminobenzoic acid,
which is a precursor in the folic acid process. Bacteria synthesize their own folic acid, so
if these chemicals are present in high enough quantities, the bacteria will undergo
multiple unsuccessful attempts to synthesize folic acid and will then die without it
what type of antibiotics use metabolic antagonism as their mechanism? -
✔✔sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Kirby-Bauer Test - ✔✔The test to determine the efficacy of antibiotics or the
antibiotic resistance of bacteria.
what are the key aspects of a Kirby-Bauer test? - ✔✔1. inoculum
2. medium
3. antibiotic
4. incubation
5. interpretation
binary fission - ✔✔A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by
which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
genetic recombination - ✔✔The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a
genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents.
what are the 3 methods of genetic recombination? - ✔✔transformation,
transduction, conjugation
,transformation - ✔✔A method of genetic recombination where a living cell takes up a
piece of naked, free DNA that came from a dead cell that lysed. If the living cell does not
destroy the foreign DNA (either a chromosome or a plasmid), it'll express those genes
conjugation - ✔✔A method of genetic recombination where two living bacterial cells
come in direct contact (cell to cell) with each other. The donor cell carries the genes
required for conjugation on a plasmid, some of which code for producing a pilus. The
donor is known as F+ (F = fertility factor). The plasmid gets transferred to an F- recipient
cell (does not initially have these genes), changing it into an F+ cell. The recipient is now
also capable of conjugation.
bacteriophage vector - ✔✔harbors DNA as an insert "packaged" inside the phage
particle
generalized transduction - ✔✔A phage infects a bacterial cell and begins viral
replication within the cell. It accidentally incorporates part of the host's bacterial
genome in its viral genetic material. Then, when the phage replicates and infects other
cells, these bacterial genes that hitch a ride will also be passed along to new infected
cells and their progeny, which express them.
lysogenic phage - ✔✔temperate phage; does not immediately kill the host cell
specialized transduction - ✔✔A lysogenic phage is excised from the bacterial
chromosome along with a portion of neighboring DNA (this is a specific region). When a
phage containing the DNA infects another bacterial cell, the bacterial genes are also
passed along and expressed by new host cells and their progeny.
What's the difference between generalized and specialized transduction? -
✔✔generalized = random part of the bacterial genome is incorporated into the
phage's viral genome
, specialized = a specific portion of the genome is incorporated into the phage's viral
genome
antibiotic resistance - ✔✔the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an
antibiotic; often spread throughout bacteria using genetic recombination
what are possible outcomes of genetic recombination in bacteria? - ✔✔- antibiotic
resistance genes being spread around to previously susceptible/vulnerable populations
of bacteria
- nonpathogenic bacteria acquiring genes that code for virulence (making them
pathogenic)
virus - ✔✔A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living
cell.
viral agent - ✔✔a term used to describe viruses instead of "microorganism", since
they are not alive
what are the "non-living" characteristics or traits viruses have? - ✔✔- inert
(completely inactive) unless inside a host cell
- acellular (do not have a cellular structure); they're only nucleic acid and a protein shell
- they do not ingest food or generate energy (no metabolism)
what are the "living" characteristics or traits viruses have? - ✔✔- produce progeny
when inside a host cell (they replicate, not reproduce)
- have genetic material that is passed down to progeny
- infectious agents (transmitted from one host to another)
