Biology Chapter
17 -
Transcription
and Translation
(solved &
updated)
transcription (3) - answer (1) DNA -> mRNA
(2) occurs in the nucleus (in eukaryotes)
(3) makes a single stranded copy of mRNA that can leave
the nucleus
3 steps of transcription (3) - answer (1) initiation
(2) elongation
(3) termination
,initiation (transcription) - answer (1) transcriptions factors
and RNA polymerase bind to the promoter of the gene
(2) RNA polymerase + sigma = holoenzyme
(3) can recognize and bind to promoter
(4) different sigma proteins bind promoters with different
DNA sequences
initiation (transcription) step (5) - answer (1) RNA
polymerase needs to know where to start
(2) promoter tells RNA where to sit down on the strand
(3) RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region of DNA
(4) RNA polymerase opens the DNA helix forming a bubble
(5) once the bubble is formed, transcription begins
(4) RNA polymerase is released from the promoter
(5) RNA synthesis continues from DNA
elongation (transcription) - answer (1) DNA is unwound
and RNA polymerase creates a strand of mRNA which is
complementary to the template strand of DNA
(2) RNA polymerase syntheses the mRNA in the 5' to 3'
direction
(3) occurs at a rate of ~20 bases per second
(4) unwinds the helix and exposes 10-20 nucleotides at a
time
(5) synthesizes mRNA from 5'-3' (does not need primer)
(6) rate = 50 nucleotides per second
, termination (transcription) - answer (1) transcription
proceeds until the polymerase reaches the terminator
sequence which causes the enzyme to dissociate from the
DNA
(2) bacteria
(3) transcription proceeds though a termination sequence
(4) RNA forms hairpin
(5) RNA polymerase releases transcript
termination (transcription) steps - answer (1) hairpin
forms: RNA polymerase transcribes a transcription -
termination signal, which codes for RNA that forms a
hairpin
(2) termination: the RNA hairpin causes the RNA to
separate from the RNA polymerase terminating
transcription
differences in eukaryotic transcription - answer (1) 3 main
polymerases and each produce a certain type of RNA
(2) promoters more diverse (TATA box)
(3) basal transcription factors (not sigma) help RNA
polymerase to recognize the promoter
(4) termination (Poly(A) signal)
(5) transcription and translation separated
RNA processing in Eukaryotes - answer (1) initial
transcript = pre-mRNA
(2) must be modified in the nucleus before it can be
transported to the cytoplasm for translation
17 -
Transcription
and Translation
(solved &
updated)
transcription (3) - answer (1) DNA -> mRNA
(2) occurs in the nucleus (in eukaryotes)
(3) makes a single stranded copy of mRNA that can leave
the nucleus
3 steps of transcription (3) - answer (1) initiation
(2) elongation
(3) termination
,initiation (transcription) - answer (1) transcriptions factors
and RNA polymerase bind to the promoter of the gene
(2) RNA polymerase + sigma = holoenzyme
(3) can recognize and bind to promoter
(4) different sigma proteins bind promoters with different
DNA sequences
initiation (transcription) step (5) - answer (1) RNA
polymerase needs to know where to start
(2) promoter tells RNA where to sit down on the strand
(3) RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region of DNA
(4) RNA polymerase opens the DNA helix forming a bubble
(5) once the bubble is formed, transcription begins
(4) RNA polymerase is released from the promoter
(5) RNA synthesis continues from DNA
elongation (transcription) - answer (1) DNA is unwound
and RNA polymerase creates a strand of mRNA which is
complementary to the template strand of DNA
(2) RNA polymerase syntheses the mRNA in the 5' to 3'
direction
(3) occurs at a rate of ~20 bases per second
(4) unwinds the helix and exposes 10-20 nucleotides at a
time
(5) synthesizes mRNA from 5'-3' (does not need primer)
(6) rate = 50 nucleotides per second
, termination (transcription) - answer (1) transcription
proceeds until the polymerase reaches the terminator
sequence which causes the enzyme to dissociate from the
DNA
(2) bacteria
(3) transcription proceeds though a termination sequence
(4) RNA forms hairpin
(5) RNA polymerase releases transcript
termination (transcription) steps - answer (1) hairpin
forms: RNA polymerase transcribes a transcription -
termination signal, which codes for RNA that forms a
hairpin
(2) termination: the RNA hairpin causes the RNA to
separate from the RNA polymerase terminating
transcription
differences in eukaryotic transcription - answer (1) 3 main
polymerases and each produce a certain type of RNA
(2) promoters more diverse (TATA box)
(3) basal transcription factors (not sigma) help RNA
polymerase to recognize the promoter
(4) termination (Poly(A) signal)
(5) transcription and translation separated
RNA processing in Eukaryotes - answer (1) initial
transcript = pre-mRNA
(2) must be modified in the nucleus before it can be
transported to the cytoplasm for translation
