NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024) Rasmussen

What are the functions of the kidneys? - Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? - glucogenesis; glycogenesis What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? - adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - negative feedback loop What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? - a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - hypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? - severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells - after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism - head or neck radiation for cancer - iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? - polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? - Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? - Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa What is chronic gastritis? - Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune. What causes gastritis? - Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori What is amenorrhea? - - absence of menstruation What is metrorrhagia? - - bleeding between periods What is dysmenorrhea? - - painful periods Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness What causes flank pain? - kidney stones When is enuresis abnormal? - after age 5 People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly What is polyuria? - frequent urination Female Mutilation - risks for uti, trouble urinating What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? - estrogen Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? - As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine. What increases the risk for bladder cancer? - smoking What is the kidney filtration path? - Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule What causes increase in glumerial filtration? - increase capillary hydrostatic pressure What is cystitis? - inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching, What is a hydrocele? - Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis What are the symptoms of prositis? - pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention What is renal colic? - kidney stone related pain What is the bacteria associated with syphilis? - anaerobic spirochetes What are complications of syphilis? - vascular problems, cardiovascular, aortic stenosis, inflamed aorta, aorta necrosis, brain aneurysm, blindness, numbness, tingly, loopyness What end periods? - anorexia, menopause, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, adenomas and carcinomas When is RAS activated? - low BP Treatment for herpes - Acyclovir, sitz bath, dry heat symptoms of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - dark urine What causes acromegaly? - excessive GH during adulthood Primary hypothyroidism levels - low T4, high TSH Secondary hypothyroidism levels - low T3, T4 and TSH