Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology - D203 Questions With 100% Verified Correct Answers.

Anatomy - correct answer The study of the body's structure Physiology - correct answer The Study of the body's functioning Levels of human body (smallest to largest) - correct answer Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal 11 Basic systems that make up human body - correct answer Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary, Immune(lymphatic), Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive (male and female) Anterior (Ventral) - correct answer Front/ Direction toward front of body Posterior (Dorsal) - correct answer Back/ Direction toward back of body Superior (Cranial) - correct answer Position above/ higher than another part of the body Inferior (Caudal) - correct answer Position below or lower then another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail Lateral - correct answer Side or direction toward the side of the body Medial - correct answer Middle or direction toward middle of the body Proximal - correct answer Position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body. Distal - correct answer Position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body Superficial - correct answer Position closer to the surface of the body Deep - correct answer Position farther from the surface of the body What percent of body weight does skeletal system account for? - correct answer 20% Humans have a vertebral column (backbone) so they are classified as what? - correct answer vertebrates The bones of the skeleton are divided into two divisions: - correct answer axial and appendicular Axial skeleton is comprised of - correct answer Head and trunk of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib cage. Bones along the center, or axis, of the body. Bones of the extremities. It is appended to the axial skeleton. Appendicular skeleton is comprised of - correct answer remaining bones that are not axial so the bones of the limbs (arms, legs, hands, feet) and girdles(shoulder and pelvic) How many bones in adult human skeleton - correct answer 206 Compact bone tissue - correct answer forms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. Gives bones their smooth, dense, solid appearance. Accounts for 80% of total bone mass of adult skeleton Spongy bone tissue - correct answer Fills part or all of interior of bones. It is porous like a sponge, with irregular networks of spaces. Much less dense than compact bones. Greater surface area than compact bones but only 20% of bone mass. Five classifications of bones based on size and structure - correct answer Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones Long Bones - correct answer consist of long shaft, are cylindrical in cross-section, and usually expanded at either end. Mostly comprised of compact bone but have spongy bone within ends. ACT AS LEVERS FOR THE SKELETAL MUSCLES TO ACT UPON. Short Bones - correct answer Generally equal in width and length. Mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone. ALLOW SMALL AMOUNTS OF VARIED MOVEMENT WHEN ARTICULATED TOGETHER Flat Bones - correct answer Smooth, thin bones comprising of 2 thin and flat plates of compact bone, between which lies a layer of spongy bone. THEY PROTECT SOFT INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE ATTACHMENT FOR MUSCLES Irregular Bones - correct answer Elaborate in shape - not classified into any other category Sesamoid Bones - correct answer Small or bony nodules embedded in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure like a knee, hand, wrist, or foot What type of bone are these? Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh), clavicle (collarbone), radius(forearm), ulna(forearm), phalanges(fingers and toes), tibia (lower leg), fibula (lower leg) - correct answer Long Bones What type of bones are these? Carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones - correct answer Short Bones What type of bones are these? Skull (Cranial), rib cage, scapula (shoulder blade) - correct answer Flat Bones What type of bones are these? Vertebrae (spine), hip bones, mandible (jaw) - correct answer Irregular Bones What type of bones are these? Patella (kneecap) - correct answer Sesamoid Bones Joint (articulation) - correct answer where two bones come together 3 categories of joints (articulations) based on range of movement - correct answer immoveable, partly moveable, and movable 3 main types of joints (articulations) based on structure - correct answer Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial Cartilaginous Joints - correct answer Connected by hyaline cartilage, have no joint cavity (Joint b/w adjacent vertebrae in spine) Fibrous Joint - correct answer Connected by dense connective tissue and have no joint cavity (skull, ribcage) Synovial Joines - correct answer Fluid filled cavity called a bursa that surrounds and provides cushion for articulating bones (hip, knee joints) bursa - correct answer a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body 3 types of connective tissue - correct answer Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon Cartilage - correct answer Tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of moveable joints and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Gives shape and support to other parts of body like ears, nose, and windpipe Ligament - correct answer Bines one bone to another. Helps to hold structures together and allows for side to side stability. The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) attaches the thigh bone to the shin bone and stabilizes the knee joint What does ACL stand for? - correct answer anterior cruciate ligament Tendon - correct answer Attaches muscle to bone. Aids in movement of bone or structure. EX: Achilles tendon connects calf muscle to heel bone. What is the human fetus mostly made up of during early development? - correct answer Cartilage Ossification - correct answer Bone tissue is created from cartilage Major functions of the skeletal system? - correct answer 1. Support, Shape, and Protection 2. Movement 3.Storage and Release of Minerals 4.Formation of Blood Cells Immovable joints - correct answer allow little or no movement at the joint. Most immovable joints are fibrous joints. Besides the bones of the cranium, immovable joints include joints between the tibia and fibula in the lower leg, and between the radius and ulna in the lower arm. Partly movable joints - correct answer permit slight movement. Most partly movable joints are cartilaginous joints. Besides the joints between vertebrae, they include the joints between the ribs and sternum (breastbone). Movable joints - correct answer allow bones to move freely. ALL MOEVABLE JOINTS ARE SYNOVIAL JOINTS. Besides the knee, they include the shoulder, hip, and elbow. Movable joints are the most common type of joints in your body. Skeletal system releases what 2 very important minerals? - correct answer Calcium and phosphorus Homeostasis - correct answer State of balance among the different body systems that is necessary for survival Hematopoiesis - correct answer formation of blood cells. This process includes the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets by the red bone marrow, a fibrous tissue found in the center of most bones. red bone marrow - correct answer a fibrous tissue found in the center of most bones What do red blood cells do? - correct answer transport oxygen What do white blood cells do? - correct answer participate in the immune response of the body What do platelets do? - correct answer platelets play a role in blood clotting Around how many muscles is the muscular system made up of? - correct answer more than 600 muscles throughout the human body 3 Types of Muscle Tissue - correct answer skeletal, cardiac, and smooth Skeletal muscles - correct answer comprise the majority of the muscles in the body. They are made up of three layers of tissue. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body. ALL OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE VOLUNTARY. Cardiac muscle - correct answer is only found in the heart. Cardiac muscle is INVOLUNTARY. An involuntary muscle is one that operates independently of your intent or control. When cardiac muscle contracts, the heart beats and pumps blood. Smooth muscle - correct answer found in the internal organs such as the stomach, intestine, and bladder. These muscles are also INVOLUNTARY. For example, the smooth muscles around your lungs open and close your airways; the smooth muscle in your stomach helps you digest food. What are the six ways muscles are classified? - correct answer size, shape, fiber direction, location, action, and origin. Muscle named based on Location - correct answer Muscle names may identify a specific region of the body. Ex the frontalis muscle is located on the frontal bone of the skull Muscle named based on Size - correct answer Many muscles are identified by their size from large to small. Ex glutes refers to 3 distinct muscles: Gluteus maximus (largest), gluteus medius (medium), and gluteus minimus (small). Muscles can also be described as longus (long) and brevis(short) Muscles named based on shape - correct answer Muscle shapes can be important indicators of the name of a muscle. Ex. Trapezius muscle is shaped like a trapezoid. Orbicularis is circular shaped. Muscles named based on Fiber Direction - correct answer Muscles named by the direction the muscle fiber runs in relation to the midline of the body, which runs down the center of the body from head to toe. Can be rectus(straight) or transverse (perpendicular to midline). If muscle fibers run at an angle, those muscles are called oblique. Rectus fiber direction of muscles - correct answer When muscle fiber runs straight. The muscle responsible for "six pack abs" after hundreds of sit ups is called rectus abdominis. Transverse fiber direction of muscles - correct answer If muscle fibers run perpendicular to the midline, those muscles are called transverse. The transversus abdominis stabilizes the trunk. Oblique Muscle - correct answer If muscle fibers run at an angle, those muscles are called oblique. The internal obliques are activated by bending or rotating your trunk. Muscles named based on Action - correct answer Many muscles are named by their function. Two of the most common actions are flexor (flexion) and extensor (extension). You use flexor and extensor muscles when you bend and straighten your arm or leg. Two most common muscle actions - correct answer flexor(flexion) and extensor(extension) Muscles named based on Origin/Insertion - correct answer Muscles can also be identified by their attachment points. The first part of the muscle name is the origin, and the second part of the name is the insertion. Let's look, for example, at the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Sterno (sternum) and cleido (clavicle) are the origin points; mastoid is the insertion. As seen with the sternocleidomastoid, there can be more than one origin point.