Brooks Biological Principles Exam 2 Latest Update with Verified Solutions

Brooks Biological Principles Exam 2 Latest Update with Verified Solutions Cytology the study of cells Cell Theory all living things are composed of cells and come from living cells Robert Hooke one of the first to use microscope, observing a piece of cork from the stem of plants, where he found chambers arising in the idea of a cell. Light Microscope takes pictures of large atoms. nucleus, not electrons Scanning Electron Microscope electrons are reflected off of a specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D image Transmission Electron Microscope Microtome: a tool used to cut extremely *thin* slices of material for observation under a TEM. Microtomes are often made of diamonds Can you see electrons using the electron microscopes? No, can only see neutrons & protons Why are most cells small? To maximize the ratio of surface area to volume for regulating the internal cell environment Smaller cells have bigger membranes Does cell need a bigger surface area or volume? surface area Plasma Membrane aka "Fluid Mosaic Model" composed of fluidlike phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (*helps maintain proper fluid viscosity*), and glycoproteins (antigens: "name tags" for immune system) "self" antigen: produced by the body "not self" antigen: not produced by the body so antigens will attack this Get sick more when younger because body is still learning these "name tags" Arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself Pollen grain: not self, antigens will attack = phagocytosis involved in *ATP production* and the electron transport system Cell Wall outside of the cell membrane in some organisms (plants); composed of carbohydrates or carbohydrate derivatives (peptidoglycan for bacteria) Cytoplasm material outside the nucleus • site for metabolic activity • cytosol: solution with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, & O2, etc • organelles: membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions Cytoskeleton supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules (*biggest, tubular dimers*), microfilaments (*smallest, actin*), and intermediate filaments Microtubules form cilia (*numerous & short*) , flagella ( *long, usually 1 or 2*) , & centrioles Prokaryotes have a simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles • nucleoid w/ DNA in continuous loop • 360 flagella rotation • ribosomes present • plasma membrane produces ATP • cell wall Ex: Bacteria & Archaea Eukaryotes have a complex cellular organization; membrane-bound organelles, located inside the cell membrane Nucleus contains the dna in form