BIO 210 - FINAL EXAM REVIEW | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 - FINAL EXAM REVIEW | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Anatomy Correct Answer: the study of structure Physiology Correct Answer: the study of function Metabolism Correct Answer: all the chemical reactions that happen in our body cells Catabolism Correct Answer: the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Catabolic reaction Anabolism Correct Answer: The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones Levels of Structural Organization 2 Correct Answer: Atom (chemical), Molecule (chemical), Cell tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism Homeostasis Correct Answer: The maintenance of the internal environment regardless of external conditions Negative feedback mechanism Correct Answer: Most feedback mechanisms are this type - regulating body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose Cranial Cavity Correct Answer: Brain and spinal cord vertebral cavity Correct Answer: spinal cord thoracic cavity Correct Answer: heart and lungs abdominopelvic cavity Correct Answer: stoach digestive organs 3 parietal membrane Correct Answer: lines cavity wall visceral membrane Correct Answer: lines the organs surface ATP Correct Answer: a form of energy used by all reactions in cells. Made in the mitochondria 4 elements that make up 96% of the human body Correct Answer: Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen atomic number Correct Answer: number of protons. Always the same as the number of electrons Atomic mass Correct Answer: decimal number - number of protons and neutrons together - if you subtract the protons you get the number of neutrons ionic bonds Correct Answer: the transfer of one or more electrons 4 anion Correct Answer: negative charge - gains one electron cation Correct Answer: positive charge - loses one electron covalent bond Correct Answer: shared electrons 2 types of covalent bonds Correct Answer: Polar - unequal sharing of electrons Nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons PH Correct Answer: Acid base concentration - homeostasis of acid base balance is regulated by chemicals called buffers buffers Correct Answer: acccept hydrogen ions when PH is high and donates when the PH is low Carbohydrates - organic compound Correct Answer: fructose, glycogen 5 Protiens - organic compound Correct Answer: amino acids and enzymes Lipids - organic compound Correct Answer: triglycerides, cholesterol Nucleic acids - organic compound Correct Answer: DNA, RNA DNA nitrogenous bases Correct Answer: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (AGCT) RNA nitrogenous bases Correct Answer: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil (AGSU) Plasma Membrane Correct Answer: Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic (phosphate) heads and hydrophobic (lipid) tails Resting membrane potential Correct Answer: maintained by sodium potassium pump (active transport) - takes 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in 6 K+ Potassium Correct Answer: 10 times higher inside the cell - major intracellular cation Na+ Sodium Correct Answer: 10 times higher outside the cell - major extracellular cation passive transport - osmosis Correct Answer: Movement of water. Water follows salt, thats what makes it move Hypotonic solution Correct Answer: cells lyse/burst Isotonic solution Correct Answer: no change Hypertonic solution Correct Answer: cell shrink cell cycle Correct Answer: before a cell can divide, it's DNA has to be replicated exactly 3 stages of interphase 7 Correct Answer: G1 - Growth and metabolism S - DNA replication G2 - Preparation for division Cell Division - Mitosis Correct Answer: 4 Phases Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase Correct Answer: chromosomes appear Metaphase Correct Answer: chromosomes cluster in the middle Anaphase Correct Answer: daughter chromosomes appear Telophase Correct Answer: identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles; cleavage furrow 8 Cytokinesis Correct Answer: complete division of the cell Protein synthesis - Transcription Correct Answer: DNA's information is encoded by a codon in mRNA. Happens in the nucleus Protein synthesis - Translation Correct Answer: Information carried by the mRNAis decoded by an anticodon and used to assemble polypeptides. Happens in the cytosol/ribosome Tissues Correct Answer: Groups of cells similar in structure that perform a specific function Epithelial Tissue Correct Answer: a sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a cavity Connective Tissue (CT) Correct Answer: CT Proper - fibroblasts Cartilage - chondrocytes Bone - Osteocytes Blood - erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets 9 Muscle tissue Correct Answer: skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle smooth muscle nervous tissue Correct Answer: neurons neuroglia Glandular epithelia - Endocrine Correct Answer: ductless glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream. Product does not leave the body (hormones) Glandular epithelia - exocrine Correct Answer: secrete their products through ducts onto body surfaces - the EXit the body. Sebaceous (oil) glands nd sudiferous (sweat) glands 3 regions of the skin Correct Answer: epidermis (outermost) dermis (vascular layer) hypodermis - subcutaneous 5 cell layers of the epidermis 10 Correct Answer: stratum corneum - keratinized - waterproof sloughs off cells are dead stratum lucidum - only in thick skin - soles of feet and palms of hands - cells are dead here stratum granulosum - keratinization begins here stratum spinosum - tension resisting bundles of pre-keratin filaments stratum basale - actively mitotic stem cells Sweat Glands Correct Answer: sudiferous - secrete sweat into and through the glands duct system to the skin surface Oil Glands Correct Answer: sebaceous - oil glands that secrete sebum to the skin and hair. Help prevent from drying out. Skin Cancer Correct Answer: Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell carcinoma Melanoma Diaphysis Correct Answer: The shaft 11 Epiphysis Correct Answer: Bone ends covered with an articular surface Endosteum Correct Answer: Covers internal bone surface - just like periosteum but inside Periosteum Correct Answer: white double layered membrane covering the external bone surface 2 layers of periosteum Correct Answer: Fibrous Layer - Outer layer dense irregular CT Osteogenic Layer - Inner layer containing osteoblasts (which secrete bone matrix, Osteoclast (bone destroying cells) and Osteogenic stem cells (give rise to osteoblasts) Lamella Correct Answer: Each individual Matrix tube Osteon Correct Answer: the structural and functional unit of compact bone Canaliculi Correct Answer: connect all the osteocytes together to deliver nutrients 12 Intramembranous ossification Correct Answer: forms the cranial bones of the skull. Bones develop from fibrous membranes endochondral ossification Correct Answer: forms all bones of the skeleton below the base of the skull bones except the clavicles. They develop form cartilage PTH Correct Answer: activates osteoclasts - breaks down to raise blood calcium levels Calcitonin Correct Answer: helps to lower blood calcium levels by having bones reabsorb calcium The skeleton Correct Answer: 206 bones divided into 2 groups Axial Correct Answer: Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage Appendicular Correct Answer: upper and lower limbs and girdles 13 pectoral girdle Correct Answer: clavicle and scapula pelvic girdle Correct Answer: 2 coxal (hip) bones axial - cervical vertebrae Correct Answer: C1 - Atlas C2 - Axis (dens) Appendicular - Forearm Correct Answer: Radius Ulna Olecranon process (elbow) Hyoid Bone Correct Answer: Unique because it does not articulate with any other bone inthe body Synarthroses Correct Answer: Immoveable joints - ex/ sutures, gomphoses (fibrous joints) Synchondroses Correct Answer: (cartilaginous) - also immoveable 14 Amphiarthroses Correct Answer: slightly moveable ex) syndesmoses (fibrous) symphesis (cartilaginous) Diarthroses Correct Answer: Freely moveable joints ex) ball and socket, hinge joints, pivot, plane, saddle (synovial) flexion Correct Answer: decrease the angle of a joint (contracting the biceps in the arm) extension Correct Answer: increase the angle of a joint (triceps contracting as teh elbow is extending) adduction Correct Answer: limbs move away from the midline of the body abduction Correct Answer: limb moves toward the midline of the body Bursae Correct Answer: fibrous sac containing synovial fluid located between the bones and tendons to reduce friction during movement 15 tendon sheath Correct Answer: elongated bursae - wraps completely around the tendon 3 types of muscle tissue Correct Answer: skeletal cardiac smooth smooth muscle tissue Correct Answer: not striated, involuntary, visceral cardiac muscle tissue Correct Answer: striated, involuntary, branched, intercalated disks skeletal muscle tissue Correct Answer: striated voluntary Perimysium and Fasicles Correct Answer: within each skeletal muscle the muscle fibers are grouped into fascicles (bundles) that resemble bundles of sticks perimysium 16 Correct Answer: surrounding each fasicle is a layer of fibrous connective tissue called perimysium Acetylcholine (ACh) Correct Answer: neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction, depolarizes the muscle cell troponin Correct Answer: calcium binding protien of the thin filament tropomyosin Correct Answer: covers myosin binding site on actin actin Correct Answer: thin filaments, I band, light colored myosin Correct Answer: thick filaments, A band, dark colored sarcoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer: stores calcium and releases it on demand cross bridge 17 Correct Answer: when myosin heads pull thin filaments in toward the center of the sarcomere (A band); i.e. the sliding filament theory motor unit Correct Answer: the motor neuron and all the muscles it supplies A band Correct Answer: shortens when the muscle contracts what happens when calcium shows up? Correct Answer: contraction muscle insertion Correct Answer: attached to moveable bone muscle origin Correct Answer: attached to immoveable bone neurons Correct Answer: nerve cells neuroglia Correct Answer: nerve supporting cells 18 astrocytes (CNS) Correct Answer: mainatin the environment oligodendrites (CNS) Correct Answer: make the myelin sheath microglia (CNS) Correct Answer: Phagocytosis ependymal cells (CNS) Correct Answer: lines cavities produces CSF Satellite cells (PNS) Correct Answer: maintain the environment Schwann cells (PNS) Correct Answer: make the myelin sheath Factors the increase nerve conduction Correct Answer: Myelin Sheath increase the velocity of an action potential Diameter of the axon - bigger is faster Temperature - hotter is faster 19 Action Potential Correct Answer: Graded potential is below threshold When NA+ enters cell - depolarization occurs When K+ exits teh cell repolarization occurs K+ continues to exit the cell and it becomes hyperpolarized Sodium potasium pump brings it back to RMP. It is an active transport process because it requires ATP to function. Cerebrum Correct Answer: 2 cerebral hemispheres and 2 lateral ventricles Diancephalon Correct Answer: thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus and 3rd ventricle Brain Stem Correct Answer: midbrain (cerebral aqueduct), pons and medulla oblongota (both are associated with teh 4th ventricle Cerebellum Correct Answer: 4th ventricle medulla oblongata 20 Correct Answer: vital reflex center - heart rate, respiration - a back up for the hypothalamus which is the autonomic nervous system control center. Meninges Correct Answer: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater Blood Brain Barrier Correct Answer: semi-permeable membrane - alcohol and some lipid solubles go through it. Tight junctions - hard to permeate Cerebrospinal Fluid Correct Answer: Chroroid Plexuses hang from the roofs of the ventricles to produce it. Functions of CSF Correct Answer: Bouyancy - forms a liquid cushion nourishes the brain and spinal cord Location of CSF Correct Answer: Ventricles central canal of the spinal cord subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord Photoreceptors 21 Correct Answer: respond to light thermoreceptors Correct Answer: respond to temp chemoreceptors Correct Answer: respond to blood pressure Reflex Arc Pathway Correct Answer: 1. receptor - site of stimulus 2. sensory neuron - afferent dorsal root integration center - brain and interneurons in the spinal cord 3. integration center 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector - Muscle or Gland Cranial and Spinal nerves Correct Answer: 7, 9, 10 Taste food going in VII - facial nerve IX - glossopharangeal nerve X - vagus nerve - motor and sensory - taste; ANS to cardiac and digestive organs and glands of the ventral body cavity 22 Cranial and Spinal nerves Correct Answer: 3, 4, and 6 make eyes do tricks III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear VI - Abducens Major spinal nerves associated with nerve plexuses Correct Answer: Phrenic - diaphragm Radial - arm femoral - abdominal wall and thigh Sciatic - gluteal region and lower leg 2 divisions of the ANS Correct Answer: Somatic - Skeletal Muscle ANS - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands 2 regions of ANS - parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer: Rest and Digest Increase GI Motility Craniosacral Division Receptors pre and post ganglion are Cholinergic (acetylcholine) 23 Sympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer: Fight or Flight Increased heart rate thoracolumbar division receptor is ACh preganglion and NE postganglion Post is Adrenergic - Norepinepherine Vision Correct Answer: 2 types of receptors Rods Cones Rods Correct Answer: Dim light - shades of gray Cones Correct Answer: for color detail Visual Pathway Correct Answer: 1. Photoreceptor cells (rods/cones) 2. Bipolar Cells 3. Ganglion Cells 4. Axon of ganglion cell exits 24 5. Optic Disk 6. Optic Nerve 7. Optic Chiasma 8. Optic Tract 9. Thalamus 10. Occipital Lobe lens Correct Answer: accomodation for vision - ciliary muscles contract to bulge the lens iris Correct Answer: allows the pupil to constrict or dilate cornea Correct Answer: bends light entering the eye Laters of the eye: 3 tunics Correct Answer: fibrous - sclera and cornea Vascular - choroid, iris, and ciliary body Sensory - retina Hearing structures - middle ear Correct Answer: tympanic membrane 25 malleus, Incus, Stapes, (ear ossicles) Pharyngotympanic Tube/Auditory Tube Equilibrium Correct Answer: Inner ear - Cranial Nerve VIII Static Equilibrium Correct Answer: detected in maculae in vestibule of inner ear Dynamic Equilibrium Correct Answer: detected in crista ampularis in semicircular canals