KIN 2501 - Dr. Jacobson Exam 2 all notes VERRIFED

KIN 2501 - Dr. Jacobson Exam 2 all notes VERRIFED Exam 2 All Notes Philosophical/Development of PE: European Traditions I. Impact on Early US Education and Sport a. Immigrants i. Bringing sports with them b. Homogenous communities i. Immigrants lived in homogenous communities ii. For example, if you go to New York City or San Fran, they have a China Town, etc. c. Traditions i. Immigrants found success within their communities and they were able to carry on their traditions in these communities II. British Sporting Traditions a. Sports divided along class lines i. Different sports that the upper class would participate vs the lower class ii. Not really evident in the U.S. iii. The upper class would look at participating in sports that the students were doing in school 1. Boys would go to private boarding school and would play rugby, cricket, etc. iv. Gambling type of sports were more for the lower class 1. Cockfighting 2. Boxing b. The “sports builds character” idea i. More like a philosophy ii. Through participating in sports, young boys can learn world virtues – being good leaders, learning sportsmanship, etc. c. Scholastic sport (team sports in schools) i. Sports were team sports ii. Had sports at universities like Cambridge and Oxford iii. Amateur sport as “clean,” professional as “dirty” 1. The British drew a line between amateur sports and professional sports 2. Comes from the “sports builds character” idea 3. Amateur sports players, those just playing for the fun of it, were not getting paid to do it 4. When professional sport came along and people were getting paid to play, it tainted professional sports for a long time – “Why are people getting paid now?” a. See this in the Olympics too III. Golf a. Paganica i. Resembles golf ii. Ball and stick game iii. Roman emperors would play this with a bent stick and a feather stuffed ball b. 1400s GOLFE played in Scotland i. The Scotts used to train as archers because that’s how they defended themselves in war ii. Golf became so popular so they moved from archery to golf iii. The Scotts were scared that they couldn’t defend themselves if they had an invasion, so they had to ban golf for a while c. 1500s Popularized by ruling class i. Women play ii. Mary, Queen of Scots iii. Popularized by the ruling class iv. Today, it is still an elitist sport 1. There are programs within the community to get young children involved with playing golf d. 1700s St. Andrews Royal and Ancient Golf Club i. Introduced to US (South Carolina) ii. Now, they’re going to have some universal rules about golf iii. Published their first rule book on golf 1. Made it standard that you would play 18 holes 2. Changed from match play to stroke play iv. Sustainability of sport: 1. Whether it’s PA’s, PT, etc., the sustainability is that they now have a rule book and standards that everyone follows 2. Because of this, you can have tournaments, records, recognition, etc. and it begins to grow worldwide v. The first major golf tournament was played in about 1860 – the British Open IV. 18th Century a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau i. Great contributions to modern education 1. Individual and relationship with community should be tied to education a. One of his greatest contributions ii. Educational process should be as “natural” as possible iii. Education process for both boys and girls iv. Education should be continuous – the development of the child’s health was important for that child’s success in learning v. If you had a good and healthy body, then you had every opportunity to succeed V. Germany’s Gymnastics Traditions a. 1774: The Philanthropinum (Johann Basedow) i. Emphasized the use of senses in the learning process ii. Opened up a school called the Philanthropinum iii. Where Rousseau was an innovator in theory, Basedow was an innovator in practice iv. Controversial activist v. Incorporated manual labor in the components of education 1. 3 hours of P.E. vi. Johann Simon (gymnastic teacher) 1. Emphasized using the senses 2. First “modern” physical educator 3. Engaged in Greek gymnastics – running, jumping, wrestling, apparatus (young) 4. Engaged in “knightly exercises” such as dancing, fencing, riding, and vaulting on live horses vii. Accepted today: specialists in physical education, outdoor activities and specialized equipment viii. Children were not always treated like children – treated like mini adults 1. Simon and Basedow treated the children as children 2. Took away the dresses they were wearing or the bowties the boys were 3. Put them in play clothes to let them be children and not mini adults 4. When they got older, they would learn carpentry or camping ix. People began to copy what they were doing at the school x. School had some financial issues and shut down about 20 years later after opening b. Both Simon and Basedow thought that children would learn through their senses c. Johann GutsMuths legitimized profession of PE with the quality of his work i. Gymnastics for the Young & Games and Exercise for the Body and Spirit 1. 2 books he wrote 2. Would describe what the norm for PE was in terms of curriculum ii. Physical layout of the school 1. Ideal for outdoor activities, but with bad weather, he also built an indoor facility iii. Swimming was very important 1. Highly valued part of the education iv. Led camping expeditions v. He thought that the inside of a classroom was important 1. Wanted it ventilated and well lit d. Fredrich Jahn (The Turnvater – “Father of Gymnastics”) i. Expanded the gymnastics tradition ii. Gymnastics as a vehicle for national pride, healthy nation 1. Defeated in a war so he thought that gymnastics would restore pride and have a healthy nation iii. When JFK was president, the guys came back from the Korean War – they were not as prepared for war as they should have been 1. In the 60’s, they started the Presidents Physical Fitness Test iv. In 1811, beginning of the German turnverein movement v. Emphasized apparatus (balance beams, bars, pole vaulting, horse) VI. Gymnastics as part of German culture a. Jahn started this b. School-based physical education (gymnastics) c. Books on gymnastics d. Gymnastics for a healthy society e. Turnplatz (gymnastic place) i. The first outdoor gyms ii. Where boys and men could go do gymnastics f. Turnverein i. The gymnastic movement g. Volksturnen i. People’s gymnastics h. Turners (a gymnastics/physical education society with a patriotic/political agenda) i. People who went to the turnplatz i. Jahn was imprisoned VII. Pioneers of American Physical Education a. Charles Follen (lawyer and political refugee) i. Fled to the U.S. and secured a teaching position at Harvard where he taught German ii. Requested permission to build turnplatz on campus – interest high then tailed off iii. Today, we see this after New Year’s – New Year’s Resolution b. Charles Beck (theologian) i. Secured a teaching position at the Round Hill School in Northampton, MA ii. Round Hill – 1st school with mandatory PE in the form of German gymnastics iii. Credited with being the 1st physical education teacher in America VIII. Others a. Franz Nachtegall (Denmark) i. Inspired by GutsMuth’s gymnastics ii. Opened private gymnasium and provided instruction in public and private schools iii. More military based – command and response 1. Sort of lasts, but not long iv. Equipment included hanging ladders, climbing poles, balance beams, vaulting horses and rope ladders b. Per Henrik Ling i. Participated in Nachtegall’s gymnastic program ii. Son of a minister iii. Fencing had a therapeutic effect on his arthritic arm thus his lifelong interest in the medical effects of exercise 1. Had health problems a. By participating in fencing, he found that his health improved b. Changed his career path – studied how exercise could help relieve stress/make you a better person iv. Swedish gymnastics – considered boring and never gained the popularity that German gymnastics did v. His work today is the basis of massage therapy today and exercise function in disease prevention Sport and Physical Activity in Modern America Part 1 I. Major themes: a. The Good Life b. Contributions of Other Countries c. Perceived value guiding daily lives d. Social Organization e. Technology/industrial revolution f. Changing concept of sport & physical education II. Overview of U.S. History a. 1500’s – Discovery of New World b. 1600’s – Settling the New World c. 1700’s – Colonies fight for independence/expansion d. 1800’s – Era of Good Feeling III. New England Colonies – Colonial Period a. Prominent in the life of Native Americans (passed down to us) i. Sports, Physical Education and Dance ii. Associated with religious ceremonies, festive celebrations and social relaxation 1. Leisure time wasn’t built into most people’s lives until technology evolved b. One cohesive image did not exist i. When immigrants came in, there were differences in language, lifestyle, geographic regions, overall culture ii. It’s a good thing that everyone is different c. Most popular sport was lacrosse (baggataway) i. Lacrosse was more popular in the northeast, but now you see it in schools in the south d. Footraces serves as a source of motivation and pride, preparation for war, pursuit of game animals and delivery of messages IV. Baggataway a. b. Now called lacrosse V. Lacrosse a. b. Played differently today, but the Indians brought it to the U.S. and it stayed in the north VI. European Influences – Colonial Era () (years are not important) a. Massachusetts (Pilgrims) i. Came in search of new life, adventure and religious freedom ii. Puritan Work Ethic 1. Strong service to god and strong religious beliefs – no ideal play 2. Physical activity was a motivator for survival iii. Prohibited sporting activities such as sledding, football, dancing, swimming, ninepins, shuffleboard iv. Strong desire to set up schools 1. See the 1st schools go up 2. 1st public school for children in the U.S. (1600’s) a. The Boston Latin School 3. Harvard became the 1st university in the U.S. – 1600’s v. Absolutely no Sunday amusements vi. Games for children had moral teachings vii. Taverns were a major social center VII. Colonial Era a. New York (New Amsterdam) i. Middle colony lead by the German and the Dutch ii. They wanted wealth so they produced thing iii. Came to the New World with a strong commercial spirit – wealth seekers iv. Good food, drink & gambling – lots of festivals! 1. “Pulling the Goose” a. Grease the neck of a live goose and put a rope between the two buildings and the live goose in the middle and a person would ride a horse and try to pull the goose off??? WTF v. Bowling (ninepins), tennis, cricket, horseracing, ice skating 1. Set the precedent of New York becoming the center of U.S. sport a. Areas set aside for horseracing, awarded prizes, and charged admission 2. Ninepins a. Prohibited people from playing because of all the gambling that was going on b. Eventually added a pin and called it bowling so they were allowed to play vi. Had a strong family and community values as well as frugality and diligence vii. Set an early precedent for sport b. Pennsylvania: i. Came in search of religious freedom ii. Quakers: Society of Friends (William Penn) 1. William Penn – church leader 2. Immediately banned past times and then lifted it when people began to settle in the area (sports were more accepted) iii. This territory welcomed settlers from several European countries (Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, Ireland) (don’t need to know where they are from, just shows the diversity) iv. Peace loving - ice skate, swim, hunt & fish v. Ben Franklin – education of youth 1. Huge proponent of physical activity 2. Thought that one of the best ways to be physically active was to teach them to swim 3. “The Art of Swimming Rendered Easy” a. Book he wrote 4. Swimming today is looked at as one of the best exercises – easy on your joints; not weight barring VIII. Southern Colonies – Virginia a. Economic opportunity rather than for religious freedom b. Tobacco main crop i. Made a lot of money off of this c. Horse racing was most popular sport d. Physical activity embraced e. African slaves provided labor & were jockeys and boxers i. Slaves were very important because they were jockeys and boxers – 2 of the biggest sports f. Had all of the material to show their aristocratic status – big houses, lots of land, etc. g. Popular activities: foxhunting, horse racing, hunting, fishing, rowing, cock fighting, boxing, shooting matches, and dancing i. Heavily influenced by the English and their aristocratic status (hunting, fishing, etc. was not for survival, but as a past time) h. Had a lot of leisure time IX. Taverns and Inns a. These were the American version of English pubs, German beer halls and European inns b. Taverns were built about a day’s ride by horseback from each other (from Canada to GA) c. The social center of town i. Meeting, socializing, entertainment, and diversion from work