Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) (ALL CHAPTERS COVERED)

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) (ALL CHAPTERS COVERED) Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1) The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells is called A) cytology. B) histology. C) embryology. D) physiology. E) anatomy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) systemic D) regional E) surgical Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body is called anatomy. A) surface B) regional C) surgical D) pathological E) radiographic Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) microscopic D) pathological E) regional Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 5) The study of the liver is to gross anatomy as the study of the liver cell is to A) physiology. B) regional anatomy. C) cytology. D) systemic anatomy. E) radiographic anatomy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 1 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 6) The study of the first two months of development is termed A) histology. B) embryology. C) cytology. D) pathology. E) organology. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 7) The study of the function of specific organ systems is called A) systemic physiology. B) organ physiology. C) cell physiology. D) pathological physiology. E) histology. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) Cardiovascular physiology is an example of A) histophysiology. B) organ physiology. C) systemic physiology. D) pathological physiology. E) physiological chemistry. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST? A) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism B) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism C) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism D) organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system E) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 10) Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation? A) integumentary B) muscular C) skeletal D) nervous E) endocrine Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 2 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 11) Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? A) cardiovascular B) digestive C) muscular D) respiratory E) urinary Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 12) Which organ system includes the spleen and the tonsils? A) digestive B) endocrine C) nervous D) cardiovascular E) lymphatic Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 13) The kidneys and ureters are organs of the system. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) urinary E) lymphatic Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 14) The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are organs of the system. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) respiratory D) lymphatic E) digestive Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 15) Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream? A) cardiovascular B) lymphatic C) respiratory D) digestive E) endocrine Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 3 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 16) Lungs are to the respiratory system as the liver is to the system. A) lymphatic B) urinary C) digestive D) cardiovascular E) both B and D Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 17) Skin, hair, and nails are associated with the system. A) skeletal B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) both A and B Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 18) The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed A) positive feedback. B) homeostasis. C) negative feedback. D) effector control. E) integration. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 19) When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) nonhomeostatic regulation. D) diagnostic regulation. E) fever. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 20) In general, the nervous system does each of the following, except A) helps to maintain homeostasis. B) responds rapidly to change. C) directs long-term responses to change. D) directs very specific responses. E) both B and D Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 4 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 21) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? A) releases chemical messengers called hormones B) produces a more rapid response than the nervous system C) produces effects that last for days or longer D) produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time E) important homeostatic system Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 22) A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the A) supine position. B) prone position. C) anatomical position. D) frontal position. E) sagittal position. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 23) An anatomical term that means the same as ventral: A) posterior B) inferior C) abdominal D) anterior E) superior Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 24) The heart is to the lungs. A) lateral B) medial C) posterior D) proximal E) distal Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 25) The wrist is to the elbow. A) proximal B) distal C) lateral D) medial E) horizontal Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 5 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 26) The chin is to the nose. A) anterior B) superior C) posterior D) inferior E) medial Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 27) Which of the following regions corresponds to the buttocks? A) pelvic B) cephalic C) gluteal D) lumbar E) thoracic Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 28) Which of the following terms refers to the foot? A) cervical B) brachial C) antebrachial D) femoral E) pedal Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 29) Which plane divides the body into right and left parts? A) proximal B) frontal C) orthogonal D) transverse E) sagittal Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 30) The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the from the . A) pleural cavity; mediastinum B) thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity C) pericardial cavity; pleural cavity D) abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity E) pericardial sac; pericardial cavity Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 6 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 31) The thoracic cavity contains the A) coelom. B) pericardial cavity. C) pelvic cavity. D) pleural cavities. E) both B and D Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 32) A midsagittal section would pass through the A) kidney. B) lung. C) heart. D) spleen. E) leg. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 33) The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the A) pericardium. B) peritoneum. C) pleura. D) mediastinum. E) abdomen. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 34) Mary, who is 6 months pregnant, goes to her physician for a test to check the development of her fetus. The physician uses a device that emits sound waves to produce an image of the fetus. This technique is known as A) X-ray. B) CT. C) MRI. D) ultrasound. E) radiography. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 35) An imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce views inside the body is the A) angiogram. B) radiograph. C) CT scan. D) MRI scan. E) ultrasound. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 7 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 36) If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a feedback system. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 37) If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a feedback system. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 38) Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall? A) stomach B) kidney C) urinary bladder D) large intestine E) spleen Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 39) Anatomy is to as physiology is to . A) function; form B) form; structure C) structure; function D) structure; form E) growth; form Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 40) The central principle of physiology is A) nutrition. B) reflexes. C) homeostasis. D) stimulation. E) temperature regulation. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 8 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 41) An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be A) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus. B) sweat glands that increase secretion. C) regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. D) effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate. E) sweat glands that act like effectors. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 42) The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the A) hypothalamus. B) skin. C) temperature sensor. D) positive feedback center. E) thermostat. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 43) A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) A) receptor. B) thermoregulator. C) hypothalamus. D) effector. E) stimulus. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 44) This type of feedback exaggerates the effects of variations from normal. A) negative B) positive C) neutral D) depressing E) all of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 45) Organ physiology is to as gross anatomy is to . A) cell physiology; microscopic anatomy B) macroscopic anatomy; unbalance C) equilibrium; macroscopic anatomy D) balance; equilibrium E) imbalance; microscopic anatomy Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 9 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 46) The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except A) right upper quadrant (RUQ). B) right lower quadrant (RLQ). C) left upper quadrant (LUQ). D) left lower quadrant (LLQ). E) pelvic quadrant. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 47) Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region? A) right hypochondriac B) right inguinal region C) left lumbar D) left hypochondriac E) upper Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 48) Identify a structure located within the mediastinum. A) pericardial sac B) small intestine C) lung D) spleen E) stomach Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 49) A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the position. A) prone B) supine C) anatomical D) dorsal E) caudal Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 50) The right pleural cavity contains the A) heart. B) trachea. C) left lung. D) right lung. E) both lungs. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 10 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 51) Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity? A) stomach B) small intestine C) ovary D) spleen E) pancreas Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 52) Visceral pericardium is located A) on the heart itself. B) lining the pleural cavity. C) lining the pericardial cavity. D) on the lung itself. E) lining the peritoneal cavity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 53) The mediastinum A) contains the pleural cavities. B) separates the pleural cavities. C) contains the pericardial cavity. D) both A and C E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 54) is considered the oldest medical science. A) Anatomy B) Biology C) Physiology D) Cytology E) Embryology Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 55) Identify the correctly spelled term describing the organ that separates the ventral body cavity into superior and inferior cavities. A) mediastinum B) mediastienum C) diaphragm D) diafragm E) diaphram Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 11 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 56) Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe A) one body part in relation to another. B) surgical procedures. C) a supine position. D) the nervous system. E) living matter. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 57) The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the A) pelvic and thoracic. B) cranial and sacral. C) lateral and medial. D) thoracic and abdominopelvic. E) dorsal and ventral. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 58) The urinary bladder is found in the quadrant and the quadrant. A) right upper; right lower B) left upper; left lower C) right upper; right lower D) left upper; right upper E) right lower; left lower Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 59) The liver is primarily located in the quadrant. A) right upper B) left upper C) right lower D) left lower E) hepatic Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 60) While standing erect, the direction of caudal is A) upward. B) downward. C) laterally. D) medially. E) none of these. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 12 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 61) While standing in the anatomical position, A) front refers to anterior. B) front refers to ventral. C) back refers to posterior. D) back refers to dorsal. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 62) A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that A) all organisms are composed of cells. B) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. C) chemical molecules make up cells. D) blood has magical properties. E) congenital defects can be life-threatening. Answer: B Diff: 3 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Short Answer Questions 1) The branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts is called . Answer: anatomy Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) The branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions is called . Answer: physiology Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called . Answer: homeostasis Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. Answer: receptor; integrating center; effector Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 5) regulation occurs when the activities of organs are regulated locally. Answer: Intrinsic Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 13 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 6) regulation results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system. Answer: Extrinsic Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 7) Anatomy uses a special language, called , that involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease. Answer: medical terminology Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of . Answer: disease Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) A person lying face down is in the position. Answer: prone Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 10) The serves as a worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary. Answer: Terminologia Anatomica Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 11) A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a(n) section. Answer: parasagittal Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 12) studies the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity. Answer: Developmental anatomy Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 13) The common term for the buccal region is the . Answer: cheek Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 14) The common term for the carpal region is the . Answer: wrist Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 15) The common name for the pollex is the . Answer: thumb Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 14 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 16) The common name for the patella is the . Answer: kneecap Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Essay Questions 1) Name the organs found in the thoracic cavity. Answer: lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, major blood vessels connected to the heart Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) Name the two upper abdominal quadrants and list the organs that lie in each. Answer: right upper quadrant (RUQ): right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, large and small intestines; left upper quadrant (LUQ): left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 3) What is homeostatic regulation, and what is its physiological importance? Answer: Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments in physiological systems that are responsible for the preservation of a constant internal environment. This provides a favorable environment for the body's cells. Diff: 3 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 4) During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. The initial response that increases blood flow is automatic and independent of the nervous and endocrine systems. Which type of homeostatic regulation is this? Why? Answer: The initial increase in blood flow to active muscles is an example of autoregulation. For example, when oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels. This dilation increases the rate of blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region even before responses from the nervous or endocrine system take place. Autoregulation does not require the nervous or endocrine system. Diff: 3 Skill: Level 3 Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications Page 15 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization Multiple Choice Questions 1) The smallest stable units of matter are A) atoms. B) molecules. C) protons. D) neutrons. E) electrons. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of it has. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons + neutrons E) protons + electrons Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) Isotopes of an element differ in the number of A) protons in the nucleus. B) electrons in the nucleus. C) neutrons in the nucleus. D) electron clouds. E) electrons in energy shells. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) The mass number represents the number of A) protons in an atom. B) electrons in an ion. C) neutrons in an atom. D) protons + neutrons. E) neutrons + electrons. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 5) The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to electrons. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8 Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 16 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 6) The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of A) protons. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) protons + neutrons. E) protons + neutrons + electrons. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 7) Radioisotopes have unstable A) ions. B) nuclei. C) isotopes. D) electron clouds. E) protons. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by A) the number of protons. B) the number of neutrons. C) the outermost electron shell. D) the size of the atom. E) the mass of the nucleus. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) Ions with a + charge are called A) cations. B) anions. C) radicals. D) positrons. E) isotopes. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 10) The weakest bond between two atoms is the bond. A) ionic B) covalent C) polar D) nonpolar E) hydrogen Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 17 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 11) Ionic bonds are formed when A) atoms share electrons. B) electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. C) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms. D) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms. E) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 12) In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a(n) A) single trivalent bond. B) double divalent bond. C) triple covalent bond. D) polar covalent bond. E) hydrogen bond. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 13) If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) occurs. A) single covalent bond B) double covalent bond C) triple covalent bond D) polar covalent bond E) hydrogen bond Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 14) Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons A) will form many compounds. B) will normally form anions. C) will normally form cations. D) frequently form hydrogen bonds. E) are inert gases. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 15) Which one of the following statements is not correct about the reaction H2 + Cl2 - 2 HCl? A) H2 and Cl2 are the reactants. B) HCl is the product. C) One molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms. D) Two molecules of HCl are formed in the reaction. E) This reaction is easily reversible. Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 18 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 16) AB - A + B is to decomposition as A + B - AB is to A) exchange. B) synthesis. C) combustion. D) replacement. E) metabolism. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 17) The reaction N2 + 3 H2 - 2 NH3 is an example of a(n) A) exchange reaction. B) decomposition reaction. C) synthesis reaction. D) enzyme reaction. E) metabolic reaction. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 18) The reaction A + B + energy - AB is an example of a(n) A) exergonic reaction. B) endergonic reaction. C) equilibrium reaction. D) decomposition reaction. E) exchange reaction. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 19) Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be A) endergonic. B) activated. C) exergonic. D) neutral. E) thermonuclear. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 20) All of the following are true concerning enzymes, except that they A) are proteins. B) function as biological catalysts. C) lower the activation energy required for a reaction. D) affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. E) are consumed during the reaction. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 19 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 21) Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the sites. A) amino B) active C) carboxyl D) reactant E) neutral Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 22) Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called A) inorganic compounds. B) organic compounds. C) nutrients. D) metabolites. E) enzymes. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 23) Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound, except A) water. B) acids. C) bases. D) salts. E) rocks. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 24) Which of the following statements about water is not correct? A) is composed of polar molecules B) is responsible for much of the mass of the human body C) has a relatively low heat capacity D) can dissolve many substances E) contains hydrogen bonds Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 25) During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called A) cations. B) anions. C) acids. D) electrolytes. E) counterions. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 20 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 26) Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by A) heat capacity of water. B) hydration spheres. C) water's nonpolar nature. D) free radicals. E) hydrogen bonding. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 27) A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is A) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. D) alkaline. E) in equilibrium. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 28) Which of the following substances would be most acidic? A) lemon juice, pH = 2 B) urine, pH = 6 C) tomato juice, pH = 4 D) white wine, pH = 3 E) stomach secretions, pH = 1 Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 29) If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is A) neutral. B) acidic. C) alkaline. D) a buffer. E) a salt. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 30) An important buffer in body fluids is A) NaCl. B) NaOH. C) HCl. D) NaHCO3. E) H2O. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 21 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 31) In the body, inorganic compounds A) can serve as buffers. B) can make up proteins. C) may be held together by ionic bonds. D) are structural components of cells. E) both A and C Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 32) In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means . A) two calcium atoms B) a calcium ion that has lost two electrons C) a calcium ion that has gained two protons D) a calcium ion that has gained two electrons E) a calcium ion that has lost two protons Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 33) Carbohydrate molecules A) are the building blocks of cellular membranes. B) form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. C) are the body's most readily available source of energy. D) are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms. E) contain the genetic information found in cells. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 34) The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is A) sucrose. B) caffeine. C) protein. D) vitamins. E) glucose. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 35) Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called A) isotopes. B) isomers. C) isozymes. D) isotypes. E) isomoles. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 22 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 36) A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is A) lactose. B) cellulose. C) glycogen. D) sucrose. E) fructose. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 37) The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) either A or B Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 38) Lipids A) form essential structural components of cells. B) provide roughly twice the energy as carbohydrates. C) help to maintain body temperature. D) cushion organs against shocks. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 39) A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be A) saturated. B) monounsaturated. C) polyunsaturated. D) hydrogenated. E) carboxylated. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 40) Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of A) cholesterol. B) phospholipids. C) triglycerides. D) prostaglandins. E) monoglycerides. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 23 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 41) Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and that act as local regulators of metabolism are the A) prostaglandins. B) steroids. C) monoglycerides. D) phospholipids. E) glycolipids. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 42) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of A) dietary fats. B) prostaglandins. C) structural lipids. D) lipid drugs. E) steroids. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 43) You would expect a peptide bond to link A) two simple sugars. B) two amino acids. C) two nucleotides. D) a sugar and a peptide. E) a peptide and a fatty acid. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 44) Each amino acid differs from another in the A) number of central carbon atoms. B) size of the amino group. C) number of carboxyl groups. D) nature of the side chain. E) number of peptide bonds in the molecule. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 45) The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of protein structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentanary Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 24 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 46) Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentagonal Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 47) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and A) carbohydrates. B) fatty acids. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 48) Molecules that store and process genetic information are the A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) carbohydrates. D) lipids. E) steroids. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 49) An amino acid is to a protein as is to a nucleic acid. A) a purine B) a nucleotide C) a protein D) a proton E) a neutron Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 50) A nucleotide consists of A) a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. B) a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. C) a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. D) a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. E) a five-carbon sugar and an amino acid. Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 25 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 51) According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base A) thymine. B) adenine. C) uracil. D) cytosine. E) guanine. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 52) The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is A) DNA. B) adenosine diphosphate. C) adenosine monophosphate. D) adenosine triphosphate. E) RNA. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 53) A high-energy bond in ATP is present A) between adenine and ribose. B) between adenine and a phosphate group. C) between the first and second phosphate group. D) between the second and third phosphate group. E) both C and D Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 54) When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form A) ionic bonds. B) covalent bonds. C) hydrogen bonds. D) anions. E) cations. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 55) Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with A) lipid molecules. B) hydrophobic molecules. C) water molecules. D) both A and B E) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 26 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 56) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as A) organic molecules. B) inorganic molecules. C) acids. D) salts. E) bases. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 57) If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is A) 26. B) 16. C) 18. D) 8. E) 12. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 58) Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is A) 6.0. B) 4.5. C) 2.3. D) 1.0. E) 12.0. Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 59) Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group? A) ––COOH B) ––PO3 C) ––NH2 D) ––AMO E) ––OH Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 60) Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus? A) helium B) neon C) argon D) hydrogen E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 27 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 61) Identify which of the following is both an anion and a compound: A) Na+ B) Cl- C) K+ D) HCO3- E) NaCl Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 62) Which of the following is not a cation? A) Na+ B) Cl- C) K+ D) Ca2+ E) Mg2+ Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 63) A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates A) surface tension. B) chemical tension. C) static electricity. D) heat capacity. E) hydrophilic attraction. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 64) An example of an organic substance is A) sucrose. B) carbonic acid. C) sodium chloride. D) oxygen. E) nitric oxide. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 65) An example of an inorganic substance is A) fructose. B) water. C) glycerol. D) carbon dioxide. E) both B and D Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 28 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 66) In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with A) hydrogen, causing decomposition. B) glucose, causing decomposition. C) water, causing decomposition. D) carbon, causing decomposition. E) water, causing synthesis. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 67) In dehydration reactions, compounds A) lose water molecules. B) gain water molecules. C) convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen. D) convert hydrogen and oxygen to water. E) gain electrons. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 68) Which property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized? A) kinetic energy B) lubrication C) surface tension D) reactivity E) thermal inertia Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 69) The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of it has. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons + neutrons E) protons + electrons Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 70) In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward A) water. B) salt. C) buffers. D) anions. E) hydrogen ions. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 29 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 71) In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward A) a negative terminal. B) a positive terminal. C) a pH terminal. D) an organic terminal. E) the bottom. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 72) The chemical notation that indicates concentration is represented as A) (). B) <>. C) [ ]. D) {}. E) ||. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 73) Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4? A) A pH of 4 is greater. B) A pH of 5 is greater. C) They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values. D) pH 9, if you mixed the solutions . E) Not enough information to say. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 74) Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? A) pH 1 B) pH 14 C) pH 7 D) pH 10 E) pH 2 Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 75) Which pH is closest to normal body pH? A) pH 7 B) pH 8 C) pH 4 D) pH 3 E) pH 2 Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 30 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 76) A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of A) elements that occur in a salt. B) atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of. C) atoms that function in the body. D) elements that form at high pH. E) amino acids in a globular protein. Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 77) A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called . A) fibrous or globular. B) a polypeptide chain. C) an R group. D) an isozyme. E) nucleic acid. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 78) Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule? A) 3 glycerol molecules B) 1 glycerol molecule C) 3 fatty acid molecules D) both A and C E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 79) The term means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction. A) saturation B) specificity C) inertia D) activation E) monoreactive Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 80) The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at A) dehydration. B) hydrolysis. C) synthesis. D) reversible. E) saturation limit. Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 31 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 81) The average time between synthesis and breakdown is known as the time. A) metabolism B) anabolism C) catabolism D) specificity E) turnover Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 82) Continuous breakdown and replacement of cellular molecules is termed A) metabolism. B) metabolic turnover. C) anabolic turnover. D) catabolic turnover. E) both A and C Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 83) Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP. A) adenosine diphosphate B) adenine C) adenosine triphosphate D) deoxyribonucleic acid E) ribose Answer: C Diff: 3 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 84) AMP + P - A) ADP B) 2ADP C) DNA D) ATP E) adenine Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 85) The phosphorylation of adenosine forms A) ADP. B) ATP. C) AMP. D) 2ATP. E) ribose. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 3 Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications Page 32 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 86) Adenine and guanine are A) purines represented by T and C. B) pyrimidines represented by A and G. C) purines represented by A and G. D) pyrimidines represented by T and C. E) nucleotides represented by A and G. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 87) Oxygen is required in biological systems for A) cellular metabolism. B) storage of energy. C) serving as structural components of bone. D) serving as catalysts. E) chemical messengers. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 88) Muscle proteins are destroyed after 17 days and then replaced. This is an example of A) metabolic turnover. B) surveillance. C) surface tension. D) disease. E) specificity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 89) By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? A) sulfur B) sodium C) oxygen D) potassium E) carbon Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 90) By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body? A) oxygen B) carbon C) hydrogen D) nitrogen E) calcium Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 33 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 91) Indicate which of these lists contains only trace elements. A) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen B) selenium, hydrogen, calcium C) boron, oxygen, carbon D) silicon, fluorine, tin E) cobalt, calcium, sodium Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 92) The molecule NO is known as A) nitric oxide. B) noxious oxide. C) noxious oxygen. D) nitric oxygen. E) nitrous oxide. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 93) The molecule CO2 is known as A) carbonized oxygen. B) carbonated oxygen. C) carbon monoxide. D) carbon oxide. E) carbon dioxide. Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 94) The molecule H2 is known as A) hydrohydrogen. B) hydrogen. C) hydroxide. D) helium. E) semi-water. Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 95) The molecule O2 is known as A) oxide. B) oxygen. C) organic. D) B or C E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 34 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 96) The nucleus of an atom consists of A) electrons. B) protons. C) neutrons. D) protons + neutrons. E) protons + electrons. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 97) H2O is an example of a(n) A) ionic formula. B) glucose molecule. C) molecular formula. D) water molecule. E) covalent formula. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 98) A(n) removes hydrogen ions and a(n) releases hydrogen ions. A) acid; base B) base; acid C) compound; element D) element; compound E) molecule; acid Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 99) A nanometer is A) 10-6 meter. B) 10-8 meter. C) 10-9 meter. D) 10-10 meter. E) 10-12 meter. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 100) An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can A) block ion movements. B) change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional. C) disrupt tissue functions. D) all of the above E) A and C only Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 35 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 101) Artificial sweeteners A) are naturally similar to sugars. B) are always some form of carbohydrate. C) are generally many times sweeter than sucrose. D) are inorganic sugar substitutes. E) provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 102) Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of in their diets. A) vitamins B) triglycerides C) prostaglandins D) omega-3 fatty acids E) oleic acid Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 103) If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a neutral atom of this element contains A) 6 protons. B) 8 electrons. C) 8 neutrons. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 104) One mole of any element A) has the same mass. B) has the same weight. C) has the same number of atoms. D) has the same number of electrons. E) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 105) When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, A) an ion is formed. B) a molecule is formed. C) a hydrogen bond is formed. D) an ionic bond is formed. E) a covalent bond is formed. Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 36 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 106) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of A) +1. B) +2. C) -1. D) -2. E) either +2 or -2 Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 107) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain A) 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine. B) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine. C) 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine. D) 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine. E) impossible to tell without more information Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 108) Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false? A) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. B) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule. C) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules. D) Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together. E) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 109) In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation? 6 CO 2 + 6 H2O - C6H12O6 + O2 A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10 Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 110) Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of A) electrolytes. B) molecules that will dissociate when placed into water. C) hydrophobic compounds. D) hydrophilic compounds. E) solutes. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 37 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 111) When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be A) a strong base. B) a weak base. C) a strong acid. D) a weak acid. E) a salt. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 112) When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na 2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na 2HPO4, except A) Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl. B) Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH. C) Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. D) Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. E) Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer. Answer: C Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 113) Fructose A) is a hexose. B) is an isomer of glucose. C) is found in male reproductive fluids. D) all of the above E) A and B only Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 114) When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, A) two new monosaccharides are formed. B) a disaccharide is formed. C) a polysaccharide is formed. D) a starch is formed. E) hydrolysis occurs. Answer: B Diff: 3 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 115) A shortage of cholesterol in the body could interfere with the formation of A) sex hormones. B) proteins. C) plasma membranes. D) glycogen. E) both A and C Answer: E Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 38 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 116) How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function? A) The enzyme's function would not be altered. B) The enzyme would function more slowly. C) The enzyme would function more quickly. D) The enzyme would not be able to function. E) The enzyme would cease to function after reaching a maximum rate. Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 117) The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that A) the backbone of RNA contains ribose. B) RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. C) RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. D) DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. E) DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 118) A high-energy bond in ATP is present A) between adenine and ribose. B) between adenine and phosphate group. C) between the first and second phosphate group. D) between the second and third phosphate group. E) both C and D Answer: E Diff: 3 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Short Answer Questions 1) A(n) is a pure substance composed of atoms. Answer: element Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) The center of an atom is called the . Answer: nucleus Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n) . Answer: electron cloud Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) Electrons in an atom occupy an orderly series of electron shells or . Answer: energy levels Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 39 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 5) The actual mass of an atom is known as its . Answer: atomic weight Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 6) Ions with a positive charge are called . Answer: cations Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 7) Ions with a negative charge are called . Answer: anions Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called . Answer: isotopes Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) Chemical reactions that release energy are called . Answer: exergonic Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 10) Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called . Answer: endergonic Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 11) accelerate chemical reactions that occur in the human body. Answer: Enzymes Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 12) In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called a(n) . Answer: pathway Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 13) molecules are compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom. Answer: Organic Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 14) compounds do not usually contain carbon as a primary structural atom. Answer: Inorganic Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 40 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 15) A(n) is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute. Answer: solution Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 16) are soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current. Answer: Electrolytes Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 17) The three familiar states of matter are solids, liquids, and . Answer: gases Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 18) Molecules that do not readily dissolve in water are called . Answer: hydrophobic Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 19) The of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter. Answer: pH Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 20) Kinetic energy is stored as energy when a spring is stretched. Answer: potential Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 21) All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the . Answer: carboxylic acid group Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 22) In water, fatty acids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called . Answer: micelles Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 23) are molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes. Answer: Phospholipids Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 24) The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called . Answer: deoxyribose Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 41 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 25) Individual steroids differ in the attached to the carbon rings. Answer: side chains Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 26) The purines found in DNA are and . Answer: adenine; guanine Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 27) The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are and . Answer: thymine; cytosine Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 28) A(n) is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy. Answer: high-energy bond Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 29) In the process of a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule. Answer: phosphorylation Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 30) The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and . Answer: energy Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 31) The of a radioactive substance is the time required for a 50 percent reduction in the rate of radiation emission. Answer: half-life Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 32) Identify the three structural components of a nucleotide. Answer: pentose; phosphate group; nitrogenous base Diff: 3 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Essay Questions 1) Explain the role of water molecules in polysaccharide formation. Answer: Water molecules are removed in the dehydration synthesis of polysaccharides. Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts 2) What role do buffer systems play in the human body? Answer: Buffer systems help maintain pH within normal limits by removing or replacing hydrogen ions as needed. Diff: 2 Skill: Level 2 Questions: Reviewing Concepts Page 42 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 3) Blood has a very narrow normal pH range but urine has a very broad normal pH range. What does that indicate about the physiology of pH? Answer: Homeostasis requires that the pH of body fluids be maintained almost constant to avoid disruptions of healthy function. To accomplish this, the urinary system eliminates or retains hydrogen ion as needed. These actions cause the pH of urine to vary widely, depending on whether there is too much or not enough hydrogen ion in the body. Diff: 3 Skill: Level 3 Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 4) How does the DNA molecule control the appearance and function of a cell? Answer: The DNA molecule controls the synthesis of enzymes and structural proteins. By controlling the synthesis of structural proteins, the DNA is able to influence the physical appearance of a cell. By controlling the production of enzymes, the DNA is able to control all aspects of cellular metabolism and thus control the activity and biological functions of the cell. Diff: 3 Skill: Level 3 Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 5) The element sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and mass number of 32. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a sulfur atom? If sulfur forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, how many hydrogen atoms can bond to one sulfur atom? Answer: The number of neutrons in an atom is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number. Thus, sulfur has 32 —— 16 = 16 neutrons. The atomic number indicates the number of protons, so a neutral sulfur atom contains 16 protons plus 16 electrons to balance the protons electrically. The electrons would be distributed as follows: 2 in the first electron shell, 8 in the second, and the remaining 6 in the third. To achieve a full 8 electrons in the third (outermost) electron shell, the sulfur atom can accept 2 electrons in an ionic bond or can share 2 electrons in a covalent bond. Because hydrogen atoms can share one electron in a covalent bond, the sulfur atom can form two covalent bonds with hydrogen, one with each of two hydrogen atoms. In chemical notation, this is H2S. Diff: 3 Skill: Level 3 Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications Page 43 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization Multiple Choice Questions 1) The smallest living unit within the human body is A) a protein. B) the cell. C) a tissue. D) an organ. E) an organ system. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) The watery component of the cytoplasm is called A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) interstitial fluid. E) a colloidal gel. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) cell wall B) cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) both A and D Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following, except A) separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. B) regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. C) sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. D) thermal insulation. E) structural support. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 5) The plasma membrane is composed of A) a bilayer of proteins. B) a bilayer of phospholipids. C) carbohydrate molecules. D) carbohydrates and proteins. E) carbohydrates and lipids. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 44 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 6) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as carrier molecules for various solutes D) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane E) cell nutrient Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 7) Functions of the glycocalyx include A) lubricating and protecting the cell membrane. B) identifying the cell for the immune system. C) binding extracellular compounds. D) all of the above E) B and C only Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except A) lysosomes. B) cilia. C) centrioles. D) ribosomes. E) cytoskeleton. Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except A) microfilaments. B) intermediate filaments. C) microsomes. D) microtubules. E) thick filaments. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 10) Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to A) ribosomes. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) flagella. E) microvilli. Answer: B Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 45 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 11) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) thick filaments D) microtubules E) basal bodies Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 12) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) cytoplasm. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) cilia. Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 13) In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to A) actin. B) microvilli. C) cytosol. D) basal body. E) matrix. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 14) The components of ribosomes are formed within A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) Golgi complexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 15) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the A) ribosomes. B) rough ER. C) smooth ER. D) Golgi apparatus. E) mitochondria. Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Page 46 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) 16) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus Answer: A Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 17) Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the A) microtubules. B) mitochondria. C) rough endoplasmic reticulum. D) ribosomes. E) Golgi apparatus. Answer: E Diff: 1 Skill: Level 1 Que