MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE FLASHCARDS FOR ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY NURSING 6521

MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE FLASHCARDS FOR ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY NURSING 6521 the study of the movement of drugs within the body pharmacokinetics the study of the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action pharmacodynamics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion pharmacokinetics describes what the drug does to the body pharmacodynamics What is the impact of Cirrhosis on drug levels and dosing? Because medications with a low extraction ratio (e.g., warfarin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and lorazepam) rely heavily on the metabolic capacity of the liver for intrinsic clearance through CYP 450 enzymes, these medications will be impacted more significantly.Nearly 30% of patients with cirrhosis suffer adverse drug reactions or hepatoxicity if these risk factors are not considered or monitored closely. So Close monitoring of liver functions and doses may need to be reduced due to risk of hepatoxicity. What is the impact of protein binding on drug levels and dosing? Decreased plasma protein binding leads to an increase in free plasma fraction causing an increase in volume of distribution and a shorter elimination half life. The increase in the apparent volume of distribution and the shorter elimination half life cause a decrease in total plasma concentration. what is the impact of drug interactions on drug levels and dosing? ... What is the impact of half-life on drug levels and dosing? For drugs with short half-life the dosing interval must be correspondingly short. If a drug has a long halflife a long time can separate doses without loss of benefit. The actual amount of drug lost in one half life depends on how much drug is present the tire drug in the body, the larger the amount of drug lost in one half-life What is the efficacy of a drug? Efficacy is the maximum response achievable from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a beneficial effect. What is Drug tolerance? MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE FLASHCARDS FOR ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY NURSING 6521 a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it What is addiction? the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity. what is Dependence? physiological or psychological need for a substance what is Withdrawal? the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug what is First pass effect? After oral administration, many drugs are absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually decreasing the bioavailability of certain oral medications. What is Idiosyncratic response? Idiosyncratic reactions are unpredictable and not explained by the pharmacologic properties of the drug. Medication Reconciliation process of creating an accurate list of all medications a patient is taking, including drug name, dosage, frequency, and route, and comparing the list to the physician's admission, transfer, or discharge orders, with the goal of providing correct medications to the patient at all transition points within the hospital what is Polypharmacy? regular use of at least five medications, is common in older adults and younger at-risk populations and increases the risk of adverse medical outcomes. Which drug classes produce withdrawal if stopped abruptly? Central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and opioids. Central nervous system stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamine. When is withdrawal life threatening? acohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines Which drugs/meds have EPS symptoms? anti-psychotics Understand the appropriate use of herbal therapies MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE FLASHCARDS FOR ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY NURSING 6521 ... Understand components of cultural competence cultural competence has four components a) an awarement of ones own cultural worldview, b) attitude towards cultural differences, c) knowledge of different cultural practices and worldview and 4)crosscultural skills How can adverse drug events be minimized? Providers need to find ways to streamline the medical regimen, such as periodically reviewing all medications in relation to the Beers criteria and avoiding new prescriptions to counteract adverse drug reactions. The incorporation of computerized alerts and a multidisciplinary approach can reduce adverse drug events. Why do drugs require clinical study and FDA approval? to ensure that all drugs are safe and effective and is stricter than other countries government agencies and is harder to get drugs approved here than in Europe Know common teaspoon, tablespoon, and