Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: introduction 29/08/2017...................................................................................................3
Sources of knowledge........................................................................................................................3
Why does science work?....................................................................................................................3
A.D. de Groot: The empirical cycle.....................................................................................................3
Correction mechanisms......................................................................................................................3
Lecture 2: Operationalising 08/09/2017............................................................................................5
Difference theory-prediction..............................................................................................................5
How to evaluate our results...............................................................................................................5
Testing our prediction........................................................................................................................5
Lecture 3 21/09/2017........................................................................................................................7
Reliability and Validity........................................................................................................................7
Intelligence.........................................................................................................................................7
Targets (slide 24)................................................................................................................................7
Measurement error............................................................................................................................7
Test retest correlation/ reliability.......................................................................................................7
Reliability...........................................................................................................................................8
Validity...............................................................................................................................................8
Lecture 4 29/09/2017......................................................................................................................10
Previous lecture................................................................................................................................10
Observational research....................................................................................................................10
Problems with observational research.............................................................................................11
Sampling..........................................................................................................................................12
Case studies.....................................................................................................................................13
Summarizing....................................................................................................................................13
Lecture 5 13/10/2017......................................................................................................................15
The experiment................................................................................................................................15
Internal validity................................................................................................................................15
The most important instrument of the experimenter.......................................................................15
Where should you take your date?...................................................................................................16
Lecture 6 02/11/2017......................................................................................................................17
Confounds........................................................................................................................................17
Significance testing..........................................................................................................................18
Obscuring factors.............................................................................................................................19
Lecture 7 9/11/2017........................................................................................................................21
Validity & generalizability................................................................................................................21
Factorial design................................................................................................................................21
Interaction (part 2)...........................................................................................................................22
Within-subjects design & mixed design............................................................................................23
Lecture 8 10/11/2017......................................................................................................................24
Quasi-experimental research...........................................................................................................24
Threats internal validity...................................................................................................................24
Regression........................................................................................................................................25
N=1 experimental designs................................................................................................................25
The individual VS the average..........................................................................................................26
,Lecture 9 30/11/2017......................................................................................................................27
Behavioral priming...........................................................................................................................27
External validity...............................................................................................................................27
3 types of replication........................................................................................................................27
Interpreting replications...................................................................................................................28
Meta-analysis..................................................................................................................................28
Replication crisis?.............................................................................................................................28
Lecture 10 9/12/2017......................................................................................................................29
Unethical experiments.....................................................................................................................29
Ethical guidelines.............................................................................................................................29
Animal research...............................................................................................................................30
Exam................................................................................................................................................30
, Lecture 1: introduction
29/08/2017
Sources of knowledge
1. Intuition we can’t say when it’s wrong or right X
2. Personal experience * not enough as a real proof X
3. Common sense massive groups can also have wrong ideas X
4. Authority there are diffirent sources… which one?! X
* Problems with personal experience:
Sampling bias the experience is coincidental for once
Observer bias your observations are influenced by your expectations
Confounding there are also other factors that you don’t see
Solution: the scientific method!
Be prepared to test your ideas against observations
Respect those observations, even if they disqualify your beloved ideas.
Why does science work?
Scientific publications
o Open methodology
o Connection evidence & conclusion = public Threats to validity!
o Other researcher scan dispute conclusions and redo the research
Science is self-correcting!
A.D. de Groot: The empirical cycle
1) Observation you notice something everyone speaks Egyptian
2) Theory you formulate a hypothesis Egyptian is the original language
3) Prediction you make a testable prediction a baby automatically speaks Egypt
4) Testing you test your prediction a baby locked up and says ‘bread’
5) Evaluation you evaluate the result the theory is not right
BUT: go through the entire cycle, don’t miss out on prediction and testing!
Irrefutable theories: some theorie can not be tested. For example: religious theories prove the
existence of God, but you can’t make a testable prediction from this hypothesis.
Not falsifiable: you can not finish the sentence ‘If theory X wouldn’t be true, then…’, the theory is
irrefutable and with that scientifically speaking worthless.
Principle of falsifiabilty: a hypothetis can be considered as a scientific theory only if it can be
disproved (Karl Popper).
- It’s not about what you observe, it’s about what you could observe.
Correction mechanisms
There are two correction mechanisms:
- During the publication process peer review
- After the publication process replication
Replication = the action of copying/reproduce something.
Lecture 1: introduction 29/08/2017...................................................................................................3
Sources of knowledge........................................................................................................................3
Why does science work?....................................................................................................................3
A.D. de Groot: The empirical cycle.....................................................................................................3
Correction mechanisms......................................................................................................................3
Lecture 2: Operationalising 08/09/2017............................................................................................5
Difference theory-prediction..............................................................................................................5
How to evaluate our results...............................................................................................................5
Testing our prediction........................................................................................................................5
Lecture 3 21/09/2017........................................................................................................................7
Reliability and Validity........................................................................................................................7
Intelligence.........................................................................................................................................7
Targets (slide 24)................................................................................................................................7
Measurement error............................................................................................................................7
Test retest correlation/ reliability.......................................................................................................7
Reliability...........................................................................................................................................8
Validity...............................................................................................................................................8
Lecture 4 29/09/2017......................................................................................................................10
Previous lecture................................................................................................................................10
Observational research....................................................................................................................10
Problems with observational research.............................................................................................11
Sampling..........................................................................................................................................12
Case studies.....................................................................................................................................13
Summarizing....................................................................................................................................13
Lecture 5 13/10/2017......................................................................................................................15
The experiment................................................................................................................................15
Internal validity................................................................................................................................15
The most important instrument of the experimenter.......................................................................15
Where should you take your date?...................................................................................................16
Lecture 6 02/11/2017......................................................................................................................17
Confounds........................................................................................................................................17
Significance testing..........................................................................................................................18
Obscuring factors.............................................................................................................................19
Lecture 7 9/11/2017........................................................................................................................21
Validity & generalizability................................................................................................................21
Factorial design................................................................................................................................21
Interaction (part 2)...........................................................................................................................22
Within-subjects design & mixed design............................................................................................23
Lecture 8 10/11/2017......................................................................................................................24
Quasi-experimental research...........................................................................................................24
Threats internal validity...................................................................................................................24
Regression........................................................................................................................................25
N=1 experimental designs................................................................................................................25
The individual VS the average..........................................................................................................26
,Lecture 9 30/11/2017......................................................................................................................27
Behavioral priming...........................................................................................................................27
External validity...............................................................................................................................27
3 types of replication........................................................................................................................27
Interpreting replications...................................................................................................................28
Meta-analysis..................................................................................................................................28
Replication crisis?.............................................................................................................................28
Lecture 10 9/12/2017......................................................................................................................29
Unethical experiments.....................................................................................................................29
Ethical guidelines.............................................................................................................................29
Animal research...............................................................................................................................30
Exam................................................................................................................................................30
, Lecture 1: introduction
29/08/2017
Sources of knowledge
1. Intuition we can’t say when it’s wrong or right X
2. Personal experience * not enough as a real proof X
3. Common sense massive groups can also have wrong ideas X
4. Authority there are diffirent sources… which one?! X
* Problems with personal experience:
Sampling bias the experience is coincidental for once
Observer bias your observations are influenced by your expectations
Confounding there are also other factors that you don’t see
Solution: the scientific method!
Be prepared to test your ideas against observations
Respect those observations, even if they disqualify your beloved ideas.
Why does science work?
Scientific publications
o Open methodology
o Connection evidence & conclusion = public Threats to validity!
o Other researcher scan dispute conclusions and redo the research
Science is self-correcting!
A.D. de Groot: The empirical cycle
1) Observation you notice something everyone speaks Egyptian
2) Theory you formulate a hypothesis Egyptian is the original language
3) Prediction you make a testable prediction a baby automatically speaks Egypt
4) Testing you test your prediction a baby locked up and says ‘bread’
5) Evaluation you evaluate the result the theory is not right
BUT: go through the entire cycle, don’t miss out on prediction and testing!
Irrefutable theories: some theorie can not be tested. For example: religious theories prove the
existence of God, but you can’t make a testable prediction from this hypothesis.
Not falsifiable: you can not finish the sentence ‘If theory X wouldn’t be true, then…’, the theory is
irrefutable and with that scientifically speaking worthless.
Principle of falsifiabilty: a hypothetis can be considered as a scientific theory only if it can be
disproved (Karl Popper).
- It’s not about what you observe, it’s about what you could observe.
Correction mechanisms
There are two correction mechanisms:
- During the publication process peer review
- After the publication process replication
Replication = the action of copying/reproduce something.
