H1: Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 11
1 Definitie ........................................................................................................................................11
1.1 Micro-economische principes – toepassing ..................................................................................12
1.2 Mensen reageren op prikkels..............................................................................................................13
H3: The market forces of Supply & demand (Vraag & Aanbod) ........................................... 14
1 De markt en zijn marktvormen ........................................................................................... 14
1.1 De marktwerking (assumpties) ......................................................................................................... 15
1.2 De marktmacht ........................................................................................................................................ 15
2 De Vraag (D/V) ........................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 De individuele vraag ...............................................................................................................................16
2.1.1 Hogere P heeft 2 effecten .................................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 (Absolute) Verandering in een variabele .....................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Helling van een rechte...................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 De marktvraag ......................................................................................................................................... 18
3 Het aanbod ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Het marktaanbod .....................................................................................................................................19
4 Verandering in Pn .................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 STAPPENPLAN VOOR OEFENINGEN ..................................................................................................20
5 Marktevenwicht ....................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 EVEnwicht ...................................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Onevenwicht (surplus)..........................................................................................................................22
H4: Elasticity & its applications .................................................................................................... 23
1 elasticiteit.................................................................................................................................. 23
2 Elasticiteit van de vraag ....................................................................................................... 23
2.1 VOrm van de vraagcurve ......................................................................................................................23
1
,2.1.1 vorm van de vraagcurve tov de elasticiteit ............................................................................................... 24
2.2 PRIJSELASTICITEIT VAN DE VRAAG.................................................................................................. 24
1.1.1 Schema + verschil van goederen ..................................................................................................................25
2.2.1 Determinanten van prijselasticiteit .............................................................................................................25
2.2.2 Bij een prijsdaling .............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.3 Bij een prijsstijging ............................................................................................................................................ 26
2.3 Inkomenselasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Schema + verschil van goederen .................................................................................................................. 27
2.4 Kruisprijselasticiteit van de vraag ...................................................................................................28
2.5 Puntelasticiteit - Vraag ........................................................................................................................28
2.6 Boogelasticiteit - Vraag ........................................................................................................................28
3 Elasticteit van het aanbod .................................................................................................... 29
3.1 Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod ......................................................................................................... 29
3.1.1 Schema ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.2 Determinanten .................................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Boogelasticiteit – aanbod ....................................................................................................................30
3.3 Puntelasticiteit .........................................................................................................................................31
4 Toepassing .................................................................................................................................31
H5: Background to demand: the theory of consumer choice ............................................... 32
1 Het standaard economisch model ..................................................................................... 32
1.1 Optimalisatie onder beperkingen .....................................................................................................32
1.1.1 Schema .................................................................................................................................................................33
1.2 Samengevat – Gedrag consument ...................................................................................................33
2 Budgetbeperking – “KAN” .....................................................................................................34
2.1 BUdgetrechte (BR) & - beperking..................................................................................................... 34
2.1.1 Toepassing ...........................................................................................................................................................35
2.2 Opportuniteitskost .................................................................................................................................35
2
,2.3 Verandering in Inkomen (Y) ................................................................................................................. 37
2.4 Verandering in prijs (P) .........................................................................................................................38
2.4.1 Prijsstijging ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
2.4.2 Prijsdaling ............................................................................................................................................................39
3 De voorkeuren – “WIL” ........................................................................................................... 39
3.1 Axioma’s ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Indifferentiecurves ............................................................................................................................... 40
3.2.1 Kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2.2 Bijzondere gevallen .......................................................................................................................................... 41
3.3 NUT EN MARGINAAL NUT ..................................................................................................................... 42
3.4 Marginale substitutievoet (MRS) ...................................................................................................... 43
4 Keuze (optimalisatie) – “DOE” ............................................................................................ 44
4.1 Evenwicht ................................................................................................................................................. 44
4.2 Onevenwicht ............................................................................................................................................ 44
5 Veranderingen in inkomen...................................................................................................45
5.1 Inkomens-offercurve ........................................................................................................................... 45
5.2 De Engelcurve ......................................................................................................................................... 45
6 Veranderingen in prijs ........................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Prijs-offercurve ......................................................................................................................................46
6.2 Individuele vraag curve ........................................................................................................................46
6.3 Hogere P heeft 2 effecten .....................................................................................................................46
6.3.1 Inkomenseffect ..................................................................................................................................................47
6.3.2 Substitutie-effect ..............................................................................................................................................47
7 Behavioural economics ........................................................................................................ 47
H6: Background to supply: firms in competitive markets.....................................................48
1 Inleiding .....................................................................................................................................48
3
, 1.1 Optimalisatie onder beperkingen .................................................................................................... 48
1.2 Gedrag producent .................................................................................................................................. 48
2 Productie en kosten ............................................................................................................... 49
2.1 productie ....................................................................................................................................................49
2.1.1 wat......................................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.1.2 Toepassing .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.2 Kosten ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
2.2.1 TC, FC en VC ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.1.1 Grafisch.......................................................................................................................................................................................50
3 Soorten kosten..........................................................................................................................51
3.1 Gemiddelde totale kosten (ATC) & Marginale kosten (MC) ....................................................... 51
3.1.1 Grafisch ................................................................................................................................................................52
3.2 Gemiddelde variabele kosten (AVC) & gemiddelde vaste kosten (AFC) ..............................52
3.2.1 Grafisch ................................................................................................................................................................52
3.3 Kostencurves op KT vs LT .....................................................................................................................53
3.3.1 Meest typische vorm van kostencurves......................................................................................................53
3.3.2 KT – curves...........................................................................................................................................................53
3.3.3 LT – curves ...........................................................................................................................................................53
4 Totale opbrengsten (TR) ........................................................................................................54
4.1 Totale, gemiddelde en marginale opbrengsten bij volmaakte concurrentie. .................. 54
4.1.1 Grafisch ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
5 (maximale) Winst .................................................................................................................... 55
5.1 Wat ...............................................................................................................................................................55
5.2 Maximale winst........................................................................................................................................55
5.2.1 hoe opbrengsten verhogen? .......................................................................................................................... 55
5.3 Niet produceren is soms winstgevender dan wel produceren ...............................................56
6 Individuele aanbodcurve ...................................................................................................... 56
4
1 Definitie ........................................................................................................................................11
1.1 Micro-economische principes – toepassing ..................................................................................12
1.2 Mensen reageren op prikkels..............................................................................................................13
H3: The market forces of Supply & demand (Vraag & Aanbod) ........................................... 14
1 De markt en zijn marktvormen ........................................................................................... 14
1.1 De marktwerking (assumpties) ......................................................................................................... 15
1.2 De marktmacht ........................................................................................................................................ 15
2 De Vraag (D/V) ........................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 De individuele vraag ...............................................................................................................................16
2.1.1 Hogere P heeft 2 effecten .................................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 (Absolute) Verandering in een variabele .....................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Helling van een rechte...................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 De marktvraag ......................................................................................................................................... 18
3 Het aanbod ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Het marktaanbod .....................................................................................................................................19
4 Verandering in Pn .................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 STAPPENPLAN VOOR OEFENINGEN ..................................................................................................20
5 Marktevenwicht ....................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 EVEnwicht ...................................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Onevenwicht (surplus)..........................................................................................................................22
H4: Elasticity & its applications .................................................................................................... 23
1 elasticiteit.................................................................................................................................. 23
2 Elasticiteit van de vraag ....................................................................................................... 23
2.1 VOrm van de vraagcurve ......................................................................................................................23
1
,2.1.1 vorm van de vraagcurve tov de elasticiteit ............................................................................................... 24
2.2 PRIJSELASTICITEIT VAN DE VRAAG.................................................................................................. 24
1.1.1 Schema + verschil van goederen ..................................................................................................................25
2.2.1 Determinanten van prijselasticiteit .............................................................................................................25
2.2.2 Bij een prijsdaling .............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.3 Bij een prijsstijging ............................................................................................................................................ 26
2.3 Inkomenselasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Schema + verschil van goederen .................................................................................................................. 27
2.4 Kruisprijselasticiteit van de vraag ...................................................................................................28
2.5 Puntelasticiteit - Vraag ........................................................................................................................28
2.6 Boogelasticiteit - Vraag ........................................................................................................................28
3 Elasticteit van het aanbod .................................................................................................... 29
3.1 Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod ......................................................................................................... 29
3.1.1 Schema ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.2 Determinanten .................................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Boogelasticiteit – aanbod ....................................................................................................................30
3.3 Puntelasticiteit .........................................................................................................................................31
4 Toepassing .................................................................................................................................31
H5: Background to demand: the theory of consumer choice ............................................... 32
1 Het standaard economisch model ..................................................................................... 32
1.1 Optimalisatie onder beperkingen .....................................................................................................32
1.1.1 Schema .................................................................................................................................................................33
1.2 Samengevat – Gedrag consument ...................................................................................................33
2 Budgetbeperking – “KAN” .....................................................................................................34
2.1 BUdgetrechte (BR) & - beperking..................................................................................................... 34
2.1.1 Toepassing ...........................................................................................................................................................35
2.2 Opportuniteitskost .................................................................................................................................35
2
,2.3 Verandering in Inkomen (Y) ................................................................................................................. 37
2.4 Verandering in prijs (P) .........................................................................................................................38
2.4.1 Prijsstijging ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
2.4.2 Prijsdaling ............................................................................................................................................................39
3 De voorkeuren – “WIL” ........................................................................................................... 39
3.1 Axioma’s ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Indifferentiecurves ............................................................................................................................... 40
3.2.1 Kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2.2 Bijzondere gevallen .......................................................................................................................................... 41
3.3 NUT EN MARGINAAL NUT ..................................................................................................................... 42
3.4 Marginale substitutievoet (MRS) ...................................................................................................... 43
4 Keuze (optimalisatie) – “DOE” ............................................................................................ 44
4.1 Evenwicht ................................................................................................................................................. 44
4.2 Onevenwicht ............................................................................................................................................ 44
5 Veranderingen in inkomen...................................................................................................45
5.1 Inkomens-offercurve ........................................................................................................................... 45
5.2 De Engelcurve ......................................................................................................................................... 45
6 Veranderingen in prijs ........................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Prijs-offercurve ......................................................................................................................................46
6.2 Individuele vraag curve ........................................................................................................................46
6.3 Hogere P heeft 2 effecten .....................................................................................................................46
6.3.1 Inkomenseffect ..................................................................................................................................................47
6.3.2 Substitutie-effect ..............................................................................................................................................47
7 Behavioural economics ........................................................................................................ 47
H6: Background to supply: firms in competitive markets.....................................................48
1 Inleiding .....................................................................................................................................48
3
, 1.1 Optimalisatie onder beperkingen .................................................................................................... 48
1.2 Gedrag producent .................................................................................................................................. 48
2 Productie en kosten ............................................................................................................... 49
2.1 productie ....................................................................................................................................................49
2.1.1 wat......................................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.1.2 Toepassing .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.2 Kosten ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
2.2.1 TC, FC en VC ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.1.1 Grafisch.......................................................................................................................................................................................50
3 Soorten kosten..........................................................................................................................51
3.1 Gemiddelde totale kosten (ATC) & Marginale kosten (MC) ....................................................... 51
3.1.1 Grafisch ................................................................................................................................................................52
3.2 Gemiddelde variabele kosten (AVC) & gemiddelde vaste kosten (AFC) ..............................52
3.2.1 Grafisch ................................................................................................................................................................52
3.3 Kostencurves op KT vs LT .....................................................................................................................53
3.3.1 Meest typische vorm van kostencurves......................................................................................................53
3.3.2 KT – curves...........................................................................................................................................................53
3.3.3 LT – curves ...........................................................................................................................................................53
4 Totale opbrengsten (TR) ........................................................................................................54
4.1 Totale, gemiddelde en marginale opbrengsten bij volmaakte concurrentie. .................. 54
4.1.1 Grafisch ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
5 (maximale) Winst .................................................................................................................... 55
5.1 Wat ...............................................................................................................................................................55
5.2 Maximale winst........................................................................................................................................55
5.2.1 hoe opbrengsten verhogen? .......................................................................................................................... 55
5.3 Niet produceren is soms winstgevender dan wel produceren ...............................................56
6 Individuele aanbodcurve ...................................................................................................... 56
4
